Additional file 2: Table S2. of Caenorhabditis elegans susceptibility to gut Enterococcus faecalis infection is associated with fat metabolism and epithelial junction integrity

Sequences of primers used for PCR amplification of gene-specific amplicons for cloning into the L4440 RNAi vector. RNAi constructs for candidate genes not listed here were obtained from the Ahringer RNAi library [74]. (DOCX 12 kb

MBL concentrations and microbiological findings of febrile and afebrile neutropaenic episodes.

1<p>Comparison of MBL concentrations from episodes of A/A individuals with fever and without fever.</p>2<p>Comparison of MBL concentrations from episodes of A/O and O/O individuals with fever and without fever.</p><p>N.D. Bacteria investigations were not performed as a routine.</p

<i>MBL2</i> XA/XA, XA/YA, YA/YA, XA/YO, YA/YO, YO/YO genotypes with the corresponding plasma MBL concentrations (**<i>p</i><0.01, ^***<i>p</i><0.001).

<p><i>MBL2</i> XA/XA, XA/YA, YA/YA, XA/YO, YA/YO, YO/YO genotypes with the corresponding plasma MBL concentrations (**<i>p</i><0.01, ^***<i>p</i><0.001).</p

<i>MBL2</i> genotype frequencies observed in this cohort (n = 108).

<p><i>MBL2</i> genotype frequencies observed in this cohort (n = 108).</p

Plasma concentrations of (A) MBL and (B) CRP, in afebrile and febrile episodes based on pathogen detected.

<p>Comparisons were made between afebrile episodes and febrile episodes with further catergorisation based on microbiological findings. Numbers in the respective groups are listed in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0030819#pone-0030819-t002" target="_blank">Table 2</a> (**<i>p</i><0.01, ***<i>p</i><0.001).</p

General characteristics of febrile and afebrile neutropaenic episodes.

<p>General characteristics of febrile and afebrile neutropaenic episodes.</p

Plasma MBL concentrations in wildtype (A/A) individuals with virus findings.

<p>Plasma MBL concentrations in wildtype (A/A) individuals with virus findings.</p

The proportional days of fever and days of antibiotic treatment during febrile neutropaenia episodes among A/A (n = 46) and A/O+O/O (n = 41) individuals.

<p> <b>(^*</b><b><i>p</i></b><b><0.05).</b></p

Zika might not be acting alone: Using an ecological study approach to investigate potential co-acting risk factors for an unusual pattern of microcephaly in Brazil

<div><p>Zika virus infections can cause a range of neurologic disorders including congenital microcephaly. However, while Zika infections have been notified across all regions in Brazil, there has been an unusual number of congenital microcephaly case notifications concentrated in the Northeast of the country. To address this observation, we investigated epidemiological data (2014–2016) on arbovirus co-distribution, environmental and socio-economic factors for each region in Brazil. Data on arbovirus reported cases and microcephaly were collected from several Brazilian Ministry of Health databases for each Federal unit. These were complemented by environmental management, social economic and <i>Aedes aegypti</i> infestation index data, extracted from multiple databases. Spatial time “ecological” analysis on the number of arboviruses transmitted by <i>Aedes</i> mosquitoes in Brazil show that the distribution of dengue and Zika was widespread in the whole country, with higher incidence in the West-Central region. However, reported chikungunya cases were higher in the Northeast, the region also with the highest number of microcephaly cases registered. Social economic factors (human development index and poverty index) and environmental management (water supply/storage and solid waste management) pointed the Northeast as the less wealthy region. The Northeast is also the region with the highest risk of <i>Aedes aegypti</i> house infestation due to the man-made larval habitats. In summary, the results of our ecological analysis support the hypothesis that the unusual distribution of microcephaly might not be due to Zika infection alone and could be accentuated by poverty and previous or co-infection with other pathogens. Our study reinforces the link between poverty and the risk of disease and the need to understand the effect on pathogenesis of sequential exposure to arboviruses and co-viral infections. Comprehensive large-scale cohort studies are required to corroborate our findings. We recommend that the list of infectious diseases screened, particularly during pregnancy, be regularly updated to include and effectively differentiate all viruses from ongoing outbreaks.</p></div

Additional file 1: of Single-virion sequencing of lamivudine-treated HBV populations reveal population evolution dynamics and demographic history

A supplementary materials file provides additional technical details and figures deemed unnecessary for the main text, including BEAST results for all patient samples. (PDF 2754 kb