Analisa Pondasi Pile Raft Pada Tanah Lunak Dengan Plaxis 2d

Permasalahan penurunan menjadi salah satu masalah yang sering dihadapi para perencana pondasi bangunan dikarenakan oleh kondisi tanah yang lunak. Untuk mengatasi permasalahan yang ada, banyak perencana menggunakan pondasi raft atau pondasi rakit, karena dianggap mampu memberikan faktor keamanan yang memadai dalam menghadapi kegagalan daya dukung ultimate. Namun diperkirakan pondasi raft ini akan mengalami penurunan yang besar. Permasalahan tersebut mungkin dapat berkurang jika adanya penambahan pile pada pondasi raft sehingga menjadi pondasi pile raft. Dengan penambahan pile pada pondasi raft diharapkan perencanaannya mempertimbangkan segi ekonomis. Dengan menggunakan beban merata 6 t/m2, dilakukan penelitian pada pondasi pile raft dengan memvariasikan tebal raft yakni 80 cm, 100 cm, 120 cm dan 140 cm. Untuk panjang pile divariasikan dari panjang 5 m, 7 m, 9 m, 13 m dan 15 m. Analisis penurunan dilakukan dengan menggunakan software Plaxis 2D dan Metode Poulos. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa Penambahan jumlah pile pada pondasi raft menghasilkan profil penurunan yang berkurang namun pada suatu keadaan tertentu penambahan pile tidak memberikan kontribusi yang lebih signifikan. Begitupun dengan perhitungan Poulos, pada konfigurasi pile tertentu tidak memberi kontribusi lagi. Sehingga desain yang ekonomis pada penelitian ini adalah dengan menggunakan tebal raft 80 cm dengan panjang pile 13 m dan konfigurasi pile 7x7

Multi-Level Kinetic Model Explaining Diverse Roles of Isozymes in Prokaryotes

<div><p>Current standard methods for kinetic and genomic modeling cannot provide deep insight into metabolic regulation. Here, we developed and evaluated a multi-scale kinetic modeling approach applicable to any prokaryote. Specifically, we highlight the primary metabolism of the cyanobacterium <i>Synechococcus elongatus</i> PCC 7942. The model bridges metabolic data sets from cells grown at different CO₂ conditions by integrating transcriptomic data and isozymes. Identification of the regulatory roles of isozymes allowed the calculation and explanation of the absolute metabolic concentration of 3-phosphoglycerate. To demonstrate that this method can characterize any isozyme, we determined the function of two glycolytic glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenases: one co-regulates high concentrations of the 3-phosphoglycerate, the other shifts the bifurcation point in hexose regulation, and both improve biomass production. Moreover, the regulatory roles of multiple phosphoglycolate phosphatases were defined for varying (non-steady) CO₂ conditions, suggesting their protective role against toxic photorespiratory intermediates.</p></div

Comparison between the simulation and experiment metabolic concentrations in <i>Synechococcus</i> 7942 cells grown at high and low CO₂.

<p>3PGA–3-phosphoglycerate, 2PGA–2-phospohoglycerate, PEP–phosphoenolpyruvate, F6P–fructose 6-phosphate, G6P–glucose 6-phosphate, FBP–fructose 1,6-bisphosphate, DHAP–dihydroxyacetone phosphate, 2PG–2-phosphoglycolate, GLY–glycine, SER–serine, OXA–oxalate. All values were rounded to the nearest second decimal.</p

Homeostasis of ATP and NADPH in <i>Synechococcus</i> 7942 cells under changing CO₂ conditions.

<p>The upper left corner shows the match between the simulated (<b>black line</b>) and experimental values (<b>solid square</b>) of the ATP · (ADP+ATP)⁻¹ ratio at both high and low CO₂. The lower left section indicates the NADPH · (NADPH+NADP⁺)⁻¹ ratio: <b>grey circle</b> for low CO₂; <b>grey asterisk</b> for high CO₂, <b>grey dotted line</b> for simulation in low CO₂, with neglecting NAD co-regulation in the reaction catalyzed by GAPs, <b>grey line</b> for simulation in low CO₂ with NAD replaced by NADPH in a reaction catalyzed by GAPs. The right section shows the measured and simulated ratio of ATP/NADPH production.</p

Impact of single GAP1 and dual GAP 1,3 regulation on metabolic levels cells of <i>Synechococcus</i> 7942.

<p>Match between simulated and measured data in low CO₂, depending on the estimated kinetic parameters (V_max, k_m, and k_eqvalues) in high CO₂ for GAP1 (<b>red color</b>) and GAPs1,3 (<b>green color</b>). HEX represents the mean value of sum of F6P, FBP, and G6P; their values were nearly identical, and this simplification was made to minimize the number of curves in one figure without losing any information. The black lines indicate ±25% difference region around the hypothetical perfect match value. Note: Parameter estimations are independent (similar to repeating experiments). However, to see the trend, the data were arranged from the lowest to the highest value. Every point represents many repetitions in parameter estimation that give the same result, which should identify all combinations and thus implies the existence of bifurcation behavior.</p

Scheme of primary carbon metabolism encoded as a kinetic model of <i>Synechococcus elongatus</i> PCC 7942.

<p>The model includes the Calvin-Benson cycle, glycogen synthesis, photorespiratory pathways, glycolysis, and sink reactions (representing the adjacent pathway and calculation of biomass production). Three reactions catalyzed by isozymes include phosphoglycerate mutases (green), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenases (blue), and phosphoglycolate phosphatase (red). Reversibility of a particular reaction is indicated by two small arrows. For further details, see <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0105292#pone.0105292.s002" target="_blank">File S1</a>. Purple color shows involved enzymes: RuBisCO-ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase oxygenase, PGK-phosphoglycerate kinase, GAP-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, TPI-triose phosphate isomerase, ALDO-aldolase, FBPase-fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase, PFK-phosphofructokinase, TKT-transketolase, SBPase-sedoheptulose-1,7-bisphosphatase, RPI-phosphopentose isomerase, PPE-phosphopentose epimerase, PRK-phosphoribulokinase, GPI-glucose-6-phosphat isomerase, PGPase-phosphoglycolate phosphatase, GOX-glycolate oxidase, SGAT-serine-glyoxylate transaminase, HPR-hydroxypyruvate reductase, GLYK-glycerate kinase, AGT-alanine-glyoxylate transaminase, TSS-tartronate semialdehyde synthase, TSA-tartronate semialdehyde reductase, SHMT-serine hydroxymethyltransferase, GLOX-glyoxylate oxidase, PSAT*-phosphoserine transaminase (3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase is, for simplicity, not implemented).</p

Photorespiratory level in <i>Synechococcus</i> 7942 cells at changing CO₂ levels.

<p>PGPase–2-phosphoglycolate phosphatase, pPGPase–putative PGPase. Photorespiratory level– the percentage of RuBisCO capacity used by its oxygenase activity. Figure represents two scenarios of the same high → low CO₂ transition. Two steady states and one transient state are shown.</p

Table_1_Acclimation of Nodularia spumigena CCY9414 to inorganic phosphate limitation – Identification of the P-limitation stimulon via RNA-seq.XLSX

Nodularia spumigena is a toxic, filamentous cyanobacterium capable of fixing atmospheric N2, which is often dominating cyanobacterial bloom events in the Baltic Sea and other brackish water systems worldwide. Increasing phosphate limitation has been considered as one environmental factor promoting cyanobacterial mass developments. In the present study, we analyzed the response of N. spumigena strain CCY9414 toward strong phosphate limitation. Growth of the strain was diminished under P-deplete conditions; however, filaments contained more polyphosphate under P-deplete compared to P-replete conditions. Using RNA-seq, gene expression was compared in N. spumigena CCY9414 after 7 and 14 days in P-deplete and P-replete conditions, respectively. After 7 days, 112 genes were significantly up-regulated in P-deplete filaments, among them was a high proportion of genes encoding proteins related to P-homeostasis such as transport systems for different P species. Many of these genes became also up-regulated after 14 days compared to 7 days in filaments grown under P-replete conditions, which was consistent with the almost complete consumption of dissolved P in these cultures after 14 days. In addition to genes directly related to P starvation, genes encoding proteins for bioactive compound synthesis, gas vesicles formation, or sugar catabolism were stimulated under P-deplete conditions. Collectively, our data describe an experimentally validated P-stimulon in N. spumigena CCY9414 and provide the indication that severe P limitation could indeed support bloom formation by this filamentous strain.</p

Data_Sheet_2_Acclimation of Nodularia spumigena CCY9414 to inorganic phosphate limitation – Identification of the P-limitation stimulon via RNA-seq.PDF

Nodularia spumigena is a toxic, filamentous cyanobacterium capable of fixing atmospheric N2, which is often dominating cyanobacterial bloom events in the Baltic Sea and other brackish water systems worldwide. Increasing phosphate limitation has been considered as one environmental factor promoting cyanobacterial mass developments. In the present study, we analyzed the response of N. spumigena strain CCY9414 toward strong phosphate limitation. Growth of the strain was diminished under P-deplete conditions; however, filaments contained more polyphosphate under P-deplete compared to P-replete conditions. Using RNA-seq, gene expression was compared in N. spumigena CCY9414 after 7 and 14 days in P-deplete and P-replete conditions, respectively. After 7 days, 112 genes were significantly up-regulated in P-deplete filaments, among them was a high proportion of genes encoding proteins related to P-homeostasis such as transport systems for different P species. Many of these genes became also up-regulated after 14 days compared to 7 days in filaments grown under P-replete conditions, which was consistent with the almost complete consumption of dissolved P in these cultures after 14 days. In addition to genes directly related to P starvation, genes encoding proteins for bioactive compound synthesis, gas vesicles formation, or sugar catabolism were stimulated under P-deplete conditions. Collectively, our data describe an experimentally validated P-stimulon in N. spumigena CCY9414 and provide the indication that severe P limitation could indeed support bloom formation by this filamentous strain.</p

Parameter space of the equilibrium constant and ratio of k_M constants for single PGM and dual PGMs scenarios.

<p>The values k_ms and k_mp indicate the k_M values for the preferred substrate and product (reversibility), respectively. Keq indicates the equilibrium constant. <b>Solid squares</b> denote independent runs of parameter estimation, presented in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0058281#pone-0058281-g003" target="_blank">Fig. 3</a>, for single PGM scenario. <b>The open square</b> denotes the best fit for single PGM scenario. <b>Solid triangles</b> denote independent runs of parameter estimation, presented in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0058281#pone-0058281-g005" target="_blank">Fig. 5</a>, for dual reverse regulated PGMs scenario for PGM beta. <b>The open triangle</b> denotes the best fit for dual reverse regulated PGMs scenario for PGM beta. <b>The open circle</b> denotes the best fit for triple PGMs scenario for PGM gamma. This analysis shows how multiple sets of kinetic parameters match experimental data in one steady state for unconstrainted parameter estimation.</p