12 research outputs found
Iron Vacancies Accommodate Uranyl Incorporation into Hematite
Radiotoxic
uranium contamination in natural systems and nuclear
waste containment can be sequestered by incorporation into naturally
abundant iron (oxyhydr)Âoxides such as hematite (α-Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>) during mineral growth. The stability and properties
of the resulting uranium-doped material are impacted by the local
coordination environment of incorporated uranium. While measurements
of uranium coordination in hematite have been attempted using extended
X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) analysis, traditional shell-by-shell
EXAFS fitting yields ambiguous results. We used hybrid functional <i>ab initio</i> molecular dynamics (AIMD) simulations for various
defect configurations to generate synthetic EXAFS spectra which were
combined with adsorbed uranyl spectra to fit experimental U L<sub>3</sub>-edge EXAFS for U<sup>6+</sup>-doped hematite. We discovered
that the hematite crystal structure accommodates a trans-dioxo uranyl-like
configuration for U<sup>6+</sup> that substitutes for structural Fe<sup>3+</sup>, which requires two partially protonated Fe vacancies situated
at opposing corner-sharing sites. Surprisingly, the best match to
experiment included significant proportions of vacancy configurations
other than the minimum-energy configuration, pointing to the importance
of incorporation mechanisms and kinetics in determining the state
of an impurity incorporated into a host phase under low temperature
hydrothermal conditions
Structural Transformations of Zinc Oxide Layers on Pt(111)
The morphology of ultrathin zinc
oxide films grown on Pt(111) was
studied as a function of preparation and exposure conditions. The
results show that submonolayer films exhibit a large variety of structures
that may transform into each other depending on ambient conditions.
The transformations are accompanied by substantial mass transport
across the surface even at room temperature, indicating the presence
and high diffusivity of migrating ZnO<sub><i>x</i></sub> species. Comparison with other metal-supported ZnO films shows that
the metal substrate may play a role in such transformations. The structural
diversity of ultrathin ZnO may be responsible for the continuing controversy
over the role of ZnO in the catalytic performance of ZnO/metal systems
Ab Initio Molecular Dynamics of Uranium Incorporated in Goethite (α-FeOOH): Interpretation of X‑ray Absorption Spectroscopy of Trace Polyvalent Metals
Incorporation of
economically or environmentally consequential polyvalent metals into
iron (oxyhydr)Âoxides has applications in environmental chemistry,
remediation, and materials science. A primary tool for characterizing
the local coordination environment of such metals, and therefore building
models to predict their behavior, is extended X-ray absorption fine
structure spectroscopy (EXAFS). Accurate structural information can
be lacking yet is required to constrain and inform data interpretation.
In this regard, ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) was used to calculate
the local coordination environment of minor amounts of U incorporated
in the structure of goethite (α-FeOOH). U oxidation states (VI,
V, and IV) and charge compensation schemes were varied. Simulated
trajectories were used to calculate the U L<sub>III</sub>-edge EXAFS
function and fit experimental EXAFS data for U incorporated into goethite
under reducing conditions. Calculations that closely matched the U
EXAFS of the well-characterized mineral uraninite (UO<sub>2</sub>),
and constrained the <i>S</i><sub>0</sub><sup>2</sup> parameter
to be 0.909, validated the approach. The results for the U-goethite
system indicated that UÂ(V) substituted for structural FeÂ(III) in octahedral
uranate coordination. Charge balance was achieved by the loss of one
structural proton coupled to addition of one electron into the solid
(−1 H<sup>+</sup>, +1 e<sup>–</sup>). The ability of
AIMD to model higher energy states thermally accessible at room temperature
is particularly relevant for protonated systems such as goethite,
where proton transfers between adjacent octahedra had a dramatic effect
on the calculated EXAFS. Vibrational effects as a function of temperature
were also estimated using AIMD, allowing separate quantification of
thermal and configurational disorder. In summary, coupling AIMD structural
modeling and EXAFS experiments enables modeling of the redox behavior
of polyvalent metals that are incorporated in conductive materials
such as iron (oxyhydr)Âoxides, with applications over a broad swath
of chemistry and materials science
Dynamic Stabilization of Metal Oxide–Water Interfaces
The
interaction of water with metal oxide surfaces plays a crucial
role in the catalytic and geochemical behavior of metal oxides. In
a vast majority of studies, the interfacial structure is assumed to
arise from a relatively static lowest energy configuration of atoms,
even at room temperature. Using hematite (α-Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>) as a model oxide, we show through a direct comparison of <i>in situ</i> synchrotron X-ray scattering with density functional
theory-based molecular dynamics simulations that the structure of
the (11Ì…02) termination is dynamically stabilized by picosecond
water exchange. Simulations show frequent exchanges between terminal
aquo groups and adsorbed water in locations and with partial residence
times consistent with experimentally determined atomic sites and fractional
occupancies. Frequent water exchange occurs even for an ultrathin
adsorbed water film persisting on the surface under a dry atmosphere.
The resulting time-averaged interfacial structure consists of a ridged
lateral arrangement of adsorbed water molecules hydrogen bonded to
terminal aquo groups. Surface p<i>K</i><sub>a</sub> prediction
based on bond valence analysis suggests that water exchange will influence
the proton-transfer reactions underlying the acid/base reactivity
at the interface. Our findings provide important new insights for
understanding complex interfacial chemical processes at metal oxide–water
interfaces
Iron Vacancies Accommodate Uranyl Incorporation into Hematite
Radiotoxic
uranium contamination in natural systems and nuclear
waste containment can be sequestered by incorporation into naturally
abundant iron (oxyhydr)Âoxides such as hematite (α-Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>) during mineral growth. The stability and properties
of the resulting uranium-doped material are impacted by the local
coordination environment of incorporated uranium. While measurements
of uranium coordination in hematite have been attempted using extended
X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) analysis, traditional shell-by-shell
EXAFS fitting yields ambiguous results. We used hybrid functional <i>ab initio</i> molecular dynamics (AIMD) simulations for various
defect configurations to generate synthetic EXAFS spectra which were
combined with adsorbed uranyl spectra to fit experimental U L<sub>3</sub>-edge EXAFS for U<sup>6+</sup>-doped hematite. We discovered
that the hematite crystal structure accommodates a trans-dioxo uranyl-like
configuration for U<sup>6+</sup> that substitutes for structural Fe<sup>3+</sup>, which requires two partially protonated Fe vacancies situated
at opposing corner-sharing sites. Surprisingly, the best match to
experiment included significant proportions of vacancy configurations
other than the minimum-energy configuration, pointing to the importance
of incorporation mechanisms and kinetics in determining the state
of an impurity incorporated into a host phase under low temperature
hydrothermal conditions
Atomic-Scale View of VO<sub>X</sub>–WO<sub>X</sub> Coreduction on the α‑Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> (0001) Surface
The
catalytic activity of oxide-supported vanadium oxide is improved
by the presence of tungsten oxide for the selective catalytic reduction
of nitric oxides. We propose a mechanism for V–W synergy through
studies of the reduction–oxidation behavior of near-monolayer
VO<sub>X</sub> and WO<sub>X</sub> species grown by atomic layer deposition
on the α-Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> (0001) single crystal surface. <i>In situ</i> X-ray standing wave measurements reveal an overlayer
of W<sup>6+</sup> species that is correlated with the substrate lattice
as well as a redox-reversible shift from uncorrelated V<sup>5+</sup> to correlated V<sup>4+</sup>. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and
electronic structure calculations show a partial reduction of W<sup>6+</sup> in the presence of V<sup>4+</sup>, improving the Brønsted
acidity in mixed V–W catalyst systems. This mechanism of V–W
synergy suggests that control of W d-states might be used as a design
parameter for Brønsted acid sites in multicomponent oxide catalysts