Wild turkey biology and habitat management in Missouri (2017)

Not much more than a half century ago, Missouri's wild turkey population was in danger of disappearing from the landscape. By the early 1950s, it was estimated that fewer than 2,500 turkeys were left in only 14 Missouri counties. Their restoration is one of the state's great conservation success stories. Many private landowners in Missouri are interested in creating and maintaining habitat for wild turkeys. This guide provides recommendations for doing just that. Before learning about specific habitat management practices, it is important to build basic knowledge about turkey biology, population dynamics and habitat needs. This broader information will help landowners and managers better understand the value of implementing specific habitat management practices

Synergistic Catalysis: Pd(II) Catalyzed Oxidation of 1,4‑Dihydroquinones in the Pd(II) Catalyzed 1,4-Oxidation of Cyclic 1,3‑Dienes

Palladium­(II) carboxylate salts have been shown to catalyze the oxidation of various hydroquinones to benzoquinones in the presence of <i>t</i>-BuOOH. This new catalytic system has been integrated into the oxidative 1,4-functionalization of cyclic 1,3-dienes where the palladium plays a remarkable dual role, catalyzing both the diene oxidation itself and the regeneration of the active quinone oxidant, which is required for diene functionalization. These new conditions offer considerable increases in reaction rate over prior art and allow a significant decrease in the equivalents of the nucleophilic carboxylate required for full conversion

Evolving Green Chemistry Metrics into Predictive Tools for Decision Making and Benchmarking Analytics

Designing efficient and green approaches to complex molecules is a challenge faced by any organization seeking to deliver modern pharmaceutical compounds to patients. The outcome of any route design effort, in terms of efficiency, is largely governed by the disconnections and synthetic strategies generated during the process of route scouting, coupled with the decisions made by the individuals responsible for the research. In this article, we delineate an approach, based on historical data, capable of quantifying the probable efficiency of a proposed synthesis prior to any research being conducted. This decision-making strategy can be used to both aid the decision-making process of innovators and to benchmark the outcome performance of the developed process, improving the efficiency of any manufacturing process developed. Through improved decision making and benchmarking, this approach could minimize the environmental impact of pharmaceutical production

Strategy To Prepare 3‑Bromo- and 3‑Chloropyrazoles

A general strategy to prepare substituted 3-bromo- and 3-chloropyrazoles is described. The three-step method involves condensation of crotonates or β-chloro carboxylic acids with hydrazines, followed by halogenation and oxidation. Several condensation and oxidation protocols were developed to enable preparation of a wide variety of 3-halopyrazoles with good to excellent yields and regiocontrol

Legislative Documents

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A Mild, Ferrocene-Catalyzed C–H Imidation of (Hetero)Arenes

A simple method for direct C–H imidation is reported using a new perester-based self-immolating reagent and a base-metal catalyst. The succinimide products obtained can be easily deprotected <i>in situ</i> (if desired) to reveal the corresponding anilines directly. The scope of the reaction is broad, the conditions are extremely mild, and the reaction is tolerant of oxidizable and acid-labile functionality, multiple heteroatoms, and aryl iodides. Mechanistic studies indicate that ferrocene (Cp₂Fe) plays the role of an electron shuttle in the decomposition of the perester reagent, delivering a succinimidyl radical ready to add to an aromatic system

Development of Efficient Processes for the Preparation of Di-<i>tert</i>-butyl Potassium Phosphate and Di-<i>tert</i>-butyl (Chloromethyl) Phosphate

A new and efficient process to prepare di-<i>tert</i>-butyl (chloromethyl) phosphate, a key compound in the formation of many phosphon-oxymethyl pro-drugs, from chloromethyl chlorosulfate (CMCS) and di-<i>tert</i>-butyl potassium phosphate (DTBPP) is described. To develop a process to this important compound with overall efficiency, an improved synthesis of DTBPP was required. The two-step process to DTBPP starts from PCl₃ and leverages a H₂O₂/catalytic KI mediated oxidation of di-<i>tert-</i>butyl phosphite to provide DTBPP in 81% yield and high purity. In the development of the new process to di-<i>tert</i>-butyl (chloromethyl) phosphate, a comparison to the corresponding tosylate derivative was made. A rational selection of base, phase-transfer catalyst (PTC), and stabilizing additive minimized CMCS decomposition and led to an optimized yield (90% solution yield), improved product purity, and identification of a technique to enable the long-term storage of di-<i>tert</i>-butyl (chloromethyl) phosphate

Directed, Palladium(II)-Catalyzed Intermolecular Aminohydroxylation of Alkenes Using a Mild Oxidation System

A palladium­(II)-catalyzed β,γ-aminohydroxylation reaction of nonconjugated alkenyl carbonyl compounds has been developed. This reaction utilizes a cleavable bidentate directing group to achieve regioselective aminopalladation. The resulting chelation-stabilized alkylpalladium­(II) intermediate is then hydroxylated using oxygen/2,6-dimethyl­benzoquinone in HFIP as the mild oxidation system. Under the optimized conditions, various nucleophiles and alkene substrates are capable of delivering good yields and high diastereoselectivities of the aminohydroxylated products

An Enantioselective Total Synthesis of (+)-Duocarmycin SA

An efficient, concise enantioselective total synthesis of the potent antitumor antibiotic (+)-duocarmycin SA is described. The invented route is based on a disconnection strategy that was devised to facilitate rapid and efficient synthesis of key core compounds to enable preclinical structure–activity relationship investigations. The key tricycle core was constructed with a highly enantioselective indole hydrogenation to set the stereocenter and a subsequent hitherto unexplored vicarious, nucleophilic-substitution/cyclization sequence to effectively forge a final indole ring. Additionally, the development of a stable sulfonamide protecting group capable of mild chemoselective cleavage greatly enhanced sequence yield and throughput. An understanding of key reaction parameters ensured a robust, reproducible sequence easily executable on decagram scales to this highly promising class of compounds

Synergistic Effect of Copper and Ruthenium on Regioselectivity in the Alkyne–Azide Click Reaction of Internal Alkynes

Cu­(I) salts have been shown to improve the regioselectivity and rate of the Ru-catalyzed alkyne–azide click reaction of internal alkynes with azides. While Cu and Ru individually provide complementary regioselectivity in the case of terminal alkynes, the synergistic effect of these two species in situ significantly improves regiochemical outcomes in the case of internal alkynes. The substrate scope of these new reaction conditions is also reported