Panel summary of recommendations

The following Space Station internal contamination topics were addressed: past flight experience (Skylab and Spacelab missions); present flight activities (Spacelabs and Soviet Space Station Mir); future activities (materials science and life science experiments); Space Station capabilities (PPMS, FMS, ECLSS, and U.S. Laboratory overview); manned systems/crew safety; internal contamination detection; contamination control - stowage and handling; and contamination control - waste gas processing. Space Station design assumptions are discussed. Issues and concerns are discussed as they relate to (1) policy and management, (2) subsystem design, (3) experiment design, and (4) internal contamination detection and control. The recommendations generated are summarized

Comparison of Crystal Structures of the Tetramethylammonium and Sodium Salts of 3-Nitrophenolate

The addition of either sodium hydroxide or tetramethylammonium hydroxide to 3-nitrophenol led to orange-red crystals of sodium 3-nitrophenolate dihydrate or a complex of 3-nitrophenol and tetramethylammonium 3-nitrophenolate. For the sodium salt, 11707 Mo-Kα reflections were measured at 150 K via Bruker SMART 1-K CCD diffractometer. For the tetramethylammonium salt, 12664 Mo-Kα reflections were measured at 173 K via Bruker SMART 2-K CCD diffractometer. The unit cell of the sodium salt has: a = 6.814(1) Å, b = 6.5437(8) Å, c = 18.206(4) Å, β = 94.46(3)°, V = 809.4(3) Å3, space group = P21/n. The unit cell of the tetramethylammonium salt has: a = 23.543(4) Å, b = 5.636(1) Å, c = 16.387(3) Å, β = 128.513(3)°, V = 1701.4(9) Å3, space group = C2/c. The bond lengths of the 3-nitrophenolate moiety were statistically the same in the two crystal structures, showing that it is not affected by the cation

The preparation and characterisation of monomeric and linked metal carbonyl clusters containing the closo-Si2Co4 pseudo-octahedral core

PhSiH3 reacts with [Co₄(CO)₁₂] at 50 °C in hydrocarbon solvents to give [(µ₄-SiPh)₂Co₄(CO)₁₁], 2c, shown by an X-ray crystal structure determination to have a pseudo-octahedral Si₂Co₄ core. Substituted aryl-silanes behaved similarly. Mixtures of PhSiH₃, H₃SiC₆H₄SiH₃ and [Co₄(CO)₁₂] in a ca. 2 1 2 ratio gave the dimeric cluster [{Co₄(µ₄-SiPh)(CO)₁₁Si}₂C₆H₄], 3a, which has the two Si₂Co₄ cores linked by a C₆H₄ group to give a rigid molecule which an X-ray structure analysis shows to be over 23 Å long. Related dimers linked by –(CH₂)₈– groups were isolated from mixtures of PhSiH₃, α ,ω-(H₃Si)₂(CH₂)₈ and [Co₄(CO)₁₂]. Electrochemical studies show the two cluster units in 3a do not interact electronically

2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazones of 2,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde, 2,4-dihydroxyacetophenone and 2,4-dihydroxybenzophenone

In 2,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone N,N-dimethylformamide solvate (or 4-[(2,4-dinitrophenyl)-hydrazonomethyl]benzene-1,3-diol N,N-dimethylformamide solvat

Transverse and longitudinal characterization of electron beams using interaction with optical near-fields

We demonstrate an experimental technique for both transverse and longitudinal characterization of bunched femtosecond free electron beams. The operation principle is based on monitoring of the current of electrons that obtained an energy gain during the interaction with the synchronized optical near-field wave excited by femtosecond laser pulses. The synchronous accelerating/decelerating fields confined to the surface of a silicon nanostructure are characterized using a highly focused sub-relativistic electron beam. Here the transverse spatial resolution of 450 nm and femtosecond temporal resolution achievable by this technique are demonstrated

Factors Influencing Adoption of Remotely Sensed Imagery for Site-Specific Management in Cotton Production

This research evaluated the factors that influenced cotton producers to adopt remote sensing for variable rate application of inputs. Farmers who were younger, more highly educated, had a larger farm operation, and were more technologically savvy were more likely to have adopted remote sensing.Crop Production/Industries, Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies,

A Comparison of Lethal and Non-Lethal Management Approaches to Reduce Damage Associated with Urban Crow Roosts in New York and Virginia

Crow populations have steadily increased in many parts of the country since 1966. Although large winter congregations of crows in urban environments are not a new phenomenon, the number of complaints regarding damage associated with these large (2,000-20,000 individuals) roosts appears to be increasing. In an effort to assist the public in reducing impacts of urban crow roosts, USDA, APHIS, Wildlife Services in Virginia and New York implemented large-scale roost dispersal programs in the winter of 2001-2002. The goal of the programs were to manage local crow populations to minimize associated noise, accumulations of crow fecal droppings on and around residences, strong ammonia odors from fecal droppings, property damage, clean-up costs and threats to human health and safety. Multiple meetings involving the public and key stakeholders were convened where a variety of options and consequences of each option were discussed. Options considered were no action, habitat alteration, cultural methods, roost dispersal, and roost depopulation. Wildlife Services in each state took different approaches to managing crow roosting sites based on state regulations, available tools, scope of the problem, consequences of each management action, effectiveness of methods, and public input. In Virginia, a lethal control program was initiated targeting one roost site (2,000-6 ,000 crows/roost) using the avicide DRC-1339. The goals were to remove a significant percentage of the local crow population and disperse the remaining crows. This project resulted in an estimated 73% reduction in crow numbers at the primary roost site and altered roost dynamics at another roost. The cooperators satisfaction level was an immediate 75% reduction in damage based on a polling of affected property owners. This satisfaction level was based on a reduction in fecal droppings, maintenance costs to clean up fecal droppings, noise, and abundance of crows. In upstate New York, two roost sites (16,000-20,000 crows/roost) were successfully dispersed using a non-lethal hazing program (pyrotechnics, recorded crow distress calls and hand-held lasers). In New York, no avicides were registered at the time of this project and the Cities of Troy and Albany requested that WS try a non-lethal program prior to implementing a lethal control program. The number of crows in the primary roost in the cities of Albany and Troy were reduced by more than 95% over the course of an eight-day program. Significant reduction in crow numbers and damage remained more than eight weeks later. In this paper we will provide a comparison of crow management projects in Virginia and New York and discuss implications of different approaches for managing urban crows

Adoption of Conservation-Tillage Practices in Cotton Production

Replaced with revised version of paper 10/23/07.conservation tillage, cotton, genetically modified seed, herbicide-resistant cotton, stacked-gene cotton, simultaneous logit model, single-equation logit model, technology adoption, Crop Production/Industries,

A Binary Logit Estimation of Factors Affecting Adoption of GPS Guidance Systems by Cotton Producers

Binary logit analysis was used to identify the factors influencing adoption of Global Positioning System (GPS) guidance systems by cotton farmers in 11 Mid-south and Southeastern states. Results indicate that adoption was more likely by those who had already adopted other precision-farming practices and had used computers for farm management. In addition, younger and more affluent farmers were more likely to adopt. Farmers with larger farms and with relatively high yields were also more likely to adopt. Education was not a significant factor in a farmer’s decision to adopt GPS guidance systems.binary logit, cotton, GPS guidance system, marginal effect, precision farming, technology adoption, Agribusiness, Crop Production/Industries, Q2, Q16, Q19, Q20, Q24,