444 research outputs found
Le rendement des dépenses électorales en France:Le cas des élections législatives de 1997
Lâobjet de cet article est de dĂ©terminer lâinfluence des dĂ©penses de campagne sur les rĂ©sultats Ă©lectoraux en France. Ă partir dâune Ă©tude empirique fondĂ©e sur les Ă©lections lĂ©gislatives de 1997, nous montrons que les rĂ©sultats Ă©lectoraux français sont sensibles aux dĂ©penses Ă©lectorales engagĂ©es par les candidats. En effet, une fois pris en compte le biais dâendogĂ©nĂ©itĂ© de la dĂ©pense du candidat sortant Ă lâaide de la mĂ©thode des doubles moindres carrĂ©s, nous montrons que les suffrages dâun dĂ©putĂ© sortant sont positivement influencĂ©s par sa dĂ©pense, et nĂ©gativement par la dĂ©pense des autres candidats. Ce rĂ©sultat est Ă mettre en perspective de la nouvelle rĂ©glementation des campagnes Ă©lectorales visant Ă rĂ©duire les barriĂšres financiĂšres Ă lâentrĂ©e du marchĂ© politique. Enfin, ce rĂ©sultat confirme les travaux empiriques menĂ©s aux Ătats-Unis sur le rendement positif de lâargent dans le processus Ă©lectoral.This article aims at evaluating the influence of campaign spending on legislative vote share within a new French campaign finance law. From an empirical analysis derived from the 1997 French legislative election, we show that the electoral outcomes are sensitive to campaign spending. Using ols and 2SLS methods and taking into account the bias of endogeneity, we demonstrate that the spending of incumbent candidates have a direct and positive effect whereas the spending of their challengers have an indirect and negative effect. In the context of the implementation of a new campaign finance regulation (characterized by both spending ceiling and public repayment), this result means that financial barriers to entry into political market are not entirely reduced. In conclusion, the return of French campaign spending is not quite different from those empirically verified within the American electoral process
Economie politique de la réforme de transition fiscale : le cas du Maroc
L'objet de cet article est de mettre en Ă©vidence le rĂŽle crucial dans les rĂ©formes des facteurs d'Ă©conomie politique trĂšs souvent nĂ©gligĂ©s dans les pays en dĂ©veloppement mais qui, ces derniĂšres annĂ©es, ont constituĂ© un obstacle trĂšs important aux rĂ©formes de transition fiscale. Les auteurs ont considĂ©rĂ© le cas du Maroc. Dans ce pays, les autoritĂ©s utilisent de nombreux instruments pour agir sur des facteurs d'Ă©conomie politique et crĂ©er un climat favorable Ă un programme ambitieux de rĂ©forme fiscale. Des constats de cette analyse peuvent certainement ĂȘtre tirĂ©es des leçons utiles pour les nombreux pays en dĂ©veloppement s'engageant dans des rĂ©formes similaires
Economie politique de la réforme de transition fiscale : le cas du Maroc
L'objet de cet article est de mettre en Ă©vidence le rĂŽle crucial dans les rĂ©formes des facteurs d'Ă©conomie politique trĂšs souvent nĂ©gligĂ©s dans les pays en dĂ©veloppement mais qui, ces derniĂšres annĂ©es, ont constituĂ© un obstacle trĂšs important aux rĂ©formes de transition fiscale. Les auteurs ont considĂ©rĂ© le cas du Maroc. Dans ce pays, les autoritĂ©s utilisent de nombreux instruments pour agir sur des facteurs d'Ă©conomie politique et crĂ©er un climat favorable Ă un programme ambitieux de rĂ©forme fiscale. Des constats de cette analyse peuvent certainement ĂȘtre tirĂ©es des leçons utiles pour les nombreux pays en dĂ©veloppement s'engageant dans des rĂ©formes similaires.cerdi
Economie politique de la réforme de transition fiscale : le cas du Maroc
Lâobjet de cet article est de mettre en Ă©vidence le rĂŽle crucial dans les rĂ©formes des facteurs dâĂ©conomie politique trĂšs souvent nĂ©gligĂ©s dans les pays en dĂ©veloppement mais qui, ces derniĂšres annĂ©es, ont constituĂ© un obstacle trĂšs important aux rĂ©formes de transition fiscale. Les auteurs ont considĂ©rĂ© le cas du Maroc. Dans ce pays, les autoritĂ©s utilisent de nombreux instruments pour agir sur des facteurs dâĂ©conomie politique et crĂ©er un climat favorable Ă un programme ambitieux de rĂ©forme fiscale. Des constats de cette analyse peuvent certainement ĂȘtre tirĂ©es des leçons utiles pour les nombreux pays en dĂ©veloppement sâengageant dans des rĂ©formes similaires.
Source inference of exogenous gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) administered to humans by means of carbon isotopic ratio analysis: novel perspectives regarding forensic investigation and intelligence issues
Îł-Hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) is an endogenous short-chain fatty acid popular as a recreational drug due to sedative and euphoric effects, but also often implicated in drug-facilitated sexual assaults owing to disinhibition and amnesic properties. Whilst discrimination between endogenous and exogenous GHB as required in intoxication cases may be achieved by the determination of the carbon isotope content, such information has not yet been exploited to answer source inference questions of forensic investigation and intelligence interests. However, potential isotopic fractionation effects occurring through the whole metabolism of GHB may be a major concern in this regard. Thus, urine specimens from six healthy male volunteers who ingested prescription GHB sodium salt, marketed as XyremÂź, were analysed by means of gas chromatography/combustion/isotope ratio mass spectrometry to assess this particular topic. A very narrow range of ÎŽ13C values, spreading from â24.81â° to â25.06â°, was observed, whilst mean ÎŽ13C value of XyremÂź corresponded to â24.99â°. Since urine samples and prescription drug could not be distinguished by means of statistical analysis, carbon isotopic effects and subsequent influence on ÎŽ13C values through GHB metabolism as a whole could be ruled out. Thus, a link between GHB as a raw matrix and found in a biological fluid may be established, bringing relevant information regarding source inference evaluation. Therefore, this study supports a diversified scope of exploitation for stable isotopes characterized in biological matrices from investigations on intoxication cases to drug intelligence programme
Assessing the Performances of CASPT2 and NEVPT2 for Vertical Excitation Energies
Methods able to simultaneously account for both static and dynamic electron
correlations have often been employed, not only to model photochemical events,
but also to provide reference values for vertical transition energies, hence
allowing to benchmark lower-order models. In this category, both CASPT2 and
NEVPT2 are certainly popular, the latter presenting the advantage of not
requiring the application of the empirical
ionization-potential-electron-affinity (IPEA) and level shifts. However, the
actual accuracy of these multiconfigurational approaches is not settled yet. In
this context, to assess the performances of these approaches the present work
relies on highly-accurate ( eV) \emph{aug}-cc-pVTZ vertical
transition energies for 284 excited states of diverse character (174 singlet,
110 triplet, 206 valence, 78 Rydberg, 78 , 119 ,
and 9 double excitations) determined in 35 small- to medium-sized organic
molecules containing from three to six non-hydrogen atoms. The CASPT2
calculations are performed with and without IPEA shift and compared to the
partially-contracted (PC) and strongly-contracted (SC) variants of NEVPT2. We
find that both CASPT2 with IPEA shift and PC-NEVPT2 provide fairly reliable
vertical transition energy estimates, with slight overestimations and mean
absolute errors of and eV, respectively. These values are found
to be rather uniform for the various subgroups of transitions. The present work
completes our previous benchmarks focussed on single-reference wave function
methods (\textit{J.~Chem. Theory Comput.} \textbf{14}, 4360 (2018);
\emph{ibid.}, \textbf{16}, 1711 (2020)), hence allowing for a fair comparison
between various families of electronic structure methods. In particular, we
show that ADC(2), CCSD, and CASPT2 deliver similar accuracies for excited
states with a dominant single-excitation character.Comment: 21 pages, 3 figure (supporting information available
Un modÚle explicatif du vote FNSEA aux élections des Chambres d'agriculture départementales (1995-2001)
Cet article se prĂ©sente comme une extension du champ de lâĂ©conomie du vote au domaine encore inexplorĂ© des Ă©lections professionnelles. A partir dâune analyse des suffrages obtenus par la FNSEA aux Ă©lections des Chambres dâagriculture dĂ©partementales de 1995 Ă 2001, les auteurs mettent en Ă©vidence plusieurs rĂ©sultats. Il apparaĂźt notamment que les variations de revenu des exploitants agricoles ainsi que le nombre de nouvelles installations influencent positivement les suffrages du syndicat, attestant ainsi d'une dimension Ă©gotropique et sociotropique du vote. De plus, le soutien apportĂ© Ă la fĂ©dĂ©ration nationale varie selon le type de production agricole. Ainsi, la FNSEA rĂ©alise de meilleurs scores dans les territoires de culture betteraviĂšre alors que les zones de culture cĂ©rĂ©aliĂšre n'expriment aucun penchant particulier pour ce syndicat. Enfin, le faible niveau de participation lors de ces Ă©lections donne un avantage rĂ©el Ă la FNSEA.This article constitutes an extension of the economic voting field to the not yet explored domain of professional elections. It studies the vote in favour of the FNSEA at the departmental Chambers of Agriculture's elections from 1995 to 2001.This analysis shows that the vote for the FNSEA is positively related to the variations of farmers' income as well as to the number of new installations, exhibiting then an egotropic and sociotropic dimension of this vote. Furthermore, the support provided to the FNSEA varies according to the type of agriculture production. The FĂ©dĂ©ration thus obtains better scores in beet farming territories, whereas there is no specific trend in the vote of cereal farming regions. Finally, the low turnout at these elections gives a real advantage to the FNSEA
Reference Vertical Excitation Energies for Transition Metal Compounds
To enrich and enhance the diversity of the \textsc{quest} database of
highly-accurate excitation energies
[\href{https://doi.org/10.1002/wcms.1517}{V\'eril \textit{et al.},
\textit{WIREs Comput.~Mol.~Sci.}~\textbf{11}, e1517 (2021)}], we report
vertical transition energies in transition metal compounds. Eleven diatomic
molecules with singlet or doublet ground state containing a fourth-row
transition metal (\ce{CuCl}, \ce{CuF}, \ce{CuH}, \ce{ScF}, \ce{ScH}, \ce{ScO},
\ce{ScS}, \ce{TiN}, \ce{ZnH}, \ce{ZnO}, and \ce{ZnS}) are considered and the
corresponding excitation energies are computed using high-level coupled-cluster
(CC) methods, namely CC3, CCSDT, CC4, and CCSDTQ, as well as
multiconfigurational methods such as CASPT2 and NEVPT2. In some cases, to
provide more comprehensive benchmark data, we also provide full configuration
interaction estimates computed with the \textit{"Configuration Interaction
using a Perturbative Selection made Iteratively"} (CIPSI) method. Based on
these calculations, theoretical best estimates of the transition energies are
established in both the aug-cc-pVDZ and aug-cc-pVTZ basis sets. This allows us
to accurately assess the performance of CC and multiconfigurational methods for
this specific set of challenging transitions. Furthermore, comparisons with
experimental data and previous theoretical results are also reported.Comment: 17 pages, 3 figure
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