L¿APPLICAZIONE GIURISPRUDENZIALE DELL¿ART. 21-OCTIES, COMMA 2, L. N. 241/90: MITI NAZIONALI E REALTÀ EUROPEE A CONFRONTO

L\u2019attivit\ue0 di ricerca svolta nella presente tesi di dottorato riguarda l\u2019art. 21-octies, co. 2, l. n. 241/90. Partendo dalla constatazione che tanto si \ue8 detto e scritto in materia per cercare di individuare e schiarire le problematiche interpretative e applicative sottese all\u2019applicazione della disposizione in esame, \ue8 apparso utile, da un punto di vista teorico e pratico, esaminare, ad un decennio dalla sua entrata in vigore, come la norma trovi concreta applicazione all\u2019interno dell\u2019ordinamento nazionale e quali problematiche in concreto sorgano nel diritto vivente. Per questo motivo, il lavoro di ricerca \ue8, nella prima parte, di tipo empirico (Capitolo I), con il duplice obiettivo di individuare, attraverso l\u2019analisi della casistica giurisprudenziale in materia: a) il campo di applicazione della norma (avanzando anche una ricostruzione interpretativa del trattamento processuale del difetto di motivazione e di competenza); b) le modalit\ue0 attraverso le quali il giudizio di causalit\ue0 viene svolto per accertare l\u2019assenza o meno di alternative decisorie al contenuto dispositivo del provvedimento impugnato e la configurazione del rapporto che ne deriva tra giudice e amministrazione. La ricerca si \ue8 poi estesa alla casistica giurisprudenziale europea in tema di giudizio di causalit\ue0 sulle violazioni di forme sostanziali (Capitolo II). Dall\u2019indagine \ue8 emerso che la struttura processuale europea non si connota in senso necessariamente pi\uf9 garantista rispetto a quella propria del nostro ordinamento nazionale e che non sembra possibile ricavare principi o regole che, se trasposte a livello nazionale, precluderebbero l\u2019operativit\ue0 del giudizio di causalit\ue0 di cui all\u2019art. 21-octies, co. 2, l. n. 241/90, cos\uec come applicato dalla giurisprudenza amministrativa nazionale. Siffatta conclusione \ue8 stata avvalorata dall\u2019analisi di alcune recenti sentenze, rese su rinvii pregiudiziali coinvolgenti l\u2019art. 21-octies, co. 2, l. n. 241/90 (e disposizioni di legge con contenuto equivalente), con riferimento alla violazione sia del diritto di difesa procedimentale sia dell\u2019obbligo di motivazione delle decisioni. Un ulteriore spunto di riflessione \ue8 stato ricavato dalla comparazione con il sistema olandese (capitolo III), grazie all\u2019analisi del percorso di riforme di recente ivi affrontato per individuare un giusto equilibrio tra tutela delle garanzie procedurali e ricerca di una maggiore efficienza sia dell\u2019azione amministrativa sia della tutela giurisdizionale, all\u2019interno di un quadro retto dal principio di legalit\ue0 e di separazione dei poteri. I dati empirici raccolti sul versante nazionale ed europeo sono infine inquadrati e coordinati in un impianto teorico pi\uf9 ampio (Capitolo IV) per valutare se i timori variamente avanzati nel tempo dalla dottrina nazionale, anche in punto di compatibilit\ue0 dell\u2019art. 21-octies, co. 1, l. n. 241/90 con la Costituzione e la CEDU, esibiscano o meno, ad oggi, un\u2019effettiva consistenza e per proporre, de iure condendo, strumenti processuali che consentano al giudice amministrativo nazionale di utilizzare al meglio le potenzialit\ue0 insite nell\u2019art. 21-octies, co. 2, l. n. 241/90, nell\u2019ottica del rispetto del principio di separazione dei poteri e di effettivit\ue0 della tutela.The research activity carried out in this PhD thesis concerns art. 21-octies, par. 2, l. no. 241/1990. Starting from the observation that much has been said and written on this topic in order to identify and clarify the interpretative and applicative issues underlying the implementation of the disposition in question, it appears useful, from a theoretical and practical point of view, to examine, a decade after its entry into force, how this provision finds an actual application inside the national legal system and which issues rise in practice in the current legislation. For this reason, the research is, in the first part, empirical (Chapter I), with the double purpose of identifying on the basis of the case-law of the administrative courts: a) the field of application of the provision (putting forward an interpretative reconstruction of the procedural handling of the failure to state reasons and the lack of competence); b) investigating the modalities through which the causal judgment is performed and the relationship deriving from it between the judge and the administration. The research was then extended to the case-law of the Court of Justice about the violation of substantial forms (Chapter II). From the investigation has emerged that the European procedural structure is not characterized in a necessary protective way when compared to the one of our national system and it seems not possible to derive principles or rules that, if shifted to a national level, would preclude the effectiveness of the causal judgment pursuant to art. 21-octies, par. 2, l. no. 241/90, as implemented by the national administrative jurisprudence. Such conclusion has been corroborated by the analysis of some recent Court of Justice rulings, made on references for a preliminary ruling involving art. 21-octies, par. 2, l. no. 241/90 (and provisions with an equivalent content), with reference to the violation of both the right of the defense and the right to reasoned decisions. A further food for thought has been extracted from the comparison with the Dutch legal system (Chapter III) thanks to an analysis of the path of reforms, here recently addressed in order to identify a correct balance between the safeguard of procedural guarantees and an effective judicial protection, inside a frame supported by the rule of law and the principle of separation of powers. The empirical data gathered on the national and European sides are eventually organized and coordinated in a wider theoretical system (Chapter IV) to asses if the fears grown over time, also in relation to the compliance of art. 21-octies, par. 1, l. no. 241/90 with the Constitution and the European Convention on Human Rights, show or not, today, an actual consistency, and to propose, de iure condendo, procedural tools that allow the national administrative judge to make the best use of the potentialities of art. 21-octies, par. 1, l. no. 241/90 while observing the principle of separation of powers and the effectiveness of legal protection

Exploitation of deployed telecommunication fiber infrastructures for sensing applications

The optical fiber infrastructure deployed in our cities to support the metropolitan area networks is exploited for sensing applications, where the optical sensing signals co-propagate together with the telecom traffic. Thanks to a coherent interferometric approach, structural monitoring of buildings can be achieved in deployed passive optical networks based on fiber-to-the-home structure. Moreover, the same technology is experimented in urban fibre ring networks to detect and localize mechanical vibrations or dynamic perturbation

An improved fault mitigation strategy for CUDA Fermi GPUs

High computation is a predominant requirement in many applications. In this field, Graphic Processing Units (GPUs) are more and more adopted. Low prices and high parallelism let GPUs be attractive, even in safety critical applications. Nonetheless, new methodologies must be studied and developed to increase the dependability of GPUs. This paper presents an improved fault mitigation strategy against permanent faults for CUDA Fermi GPUs. The proposed approach exploits the reverse engineering of the block scheduling policy in CUDA Fermi GPUs in order to minimize the fault mitigation timing overhead. The graceful performance degradation achieved by the proposed technique outperforms multithreaded CPU implementations and other fault mitigation strategies for CUDA GPU, even in presence of multiple permanent faults

A software-based self test of CUDA Fermi GPUs

Nowadays, Graphical Processing Units (GPUs) have become increasingly popular due to their high computational power and low prices. This makes them particularly suitable for high-performance computing applications, like data elaboration and financial computation. In these fields, high efficient test methodologies are mandatory. One of the most effective ways to detect and localize hardware faults in GPUs is a Software-Based-Self-Test methodology (SBST). In this paper a fully comprehensive SBST and fault localization methodology for GPUs is presented. This novel approach exploits different custom test strategies for each component inside the GPU architecture. Such strategies guarantee both permanent fault detection and accurate fault localization

Increasing the robustness of CUDA Fermi GPU-based systems

Nowadays Graphical processing Units (GPUs) have become increasingly popular due to their high computational power and low prices. This makes them particularly suitable for high-performance computing applications, like data elaboration and image processing. In these fields, the capability of properly work even in presence of faults is mandatory. This paper presents an innovative approach, that combines a Software Based Self Test & Diagnosis (SBSTD) methodology with a fault mitigation strategy, to increase the robustness of a CUDA Fermi GPU-based system

Assignment of the group A rotavirus NSP4 gene into genotypes using a hemi-nested multiplex PCR assay: a rapid and reproducible assay for strain surveillance studies

The rotavirus non-structural protein NSP4 has been implicated in a number of biological functions during the rotavirus cellular cycle and pathogenesis, and has been addressed as a target for vaccine development. The NSP4 gene has been classified into six genotypes (A-F). A semi-nested triplex PCR was developed for genotyping the major human NSP4 genotypes (A-C), which are common in human rotavirus strains but are also shared among most mammalian rotavirus strains. A total of 192 previously characterized human strains representing numerous G and P type specificities (such as G1P[8], G1P[4], G2P[4], G3P[3], G3P[8], G3P[9], G4P[6], G4P[8], G6P[4], G6P[9], G6P[14], G8P[10], G8P[14], G9P[8], G9P[11], G10P[11], G12P[6] and G12P[8]) were tested for NSP4 specificity by the collaborating laboratories. An additional 35 animal strains, including the reference laboratory strains SA11 (simian, G3P[2]), NCDV (bovine, G6P[1]), K9 and CU-1 (canine, G3P[3]), together with 31 field isolates (canine, G3P[3]; feline, G3P[9]; porcine, G2P[23], G3P[6], G4P[6], G5P[6], G5P[7], G5P[26], G5P[27], G9P[6] and G9P[7]) were also successfully NSP4-typed. Four human G3P[9] strains and one feline G3P[9] strain were found to possess an NSP4 A genotype, instead of NSP4 C, suggesting a reassortment event between heterologous strains. Routine NSP4 genotyping may help to determine the genomic constellation of rotaviruses of man and livestock, and identify interspecies transmission of heterologous strain

Molecular Survey on Kobuviruses in Domestic and Wild Ungulates From Northwestern Italian Alps

Since the first identification in 1989 in humans, kobuviruses (KoVs) have been identified from a wide range of animal species including carnivores, rodents, birds, ungulates, rabbits, and bats. Several studies have described the identification of genetically related KoVs in the fecal virome of domestic and wild animals suggesting a mutual exchange of viruses. By screening a total of 231 fecal samples from wild and domestic ungulates, KoVs RNA was detected in wild boars (3.2%; 2/63), chamois (4.6%; 2/43), and goats (2.6%; 2/77). On phylogenetic analysis of the partial RdRp sequence, the wild boar strains clustered within the species Aichivirus C whilst the strains identified in domestic and wild ruminants grouped into the species Aichivirus B. The complete VP1 gene was obtained for chamois and goat KoVs. Interestingly, upon phylogenetic analysis the strains grouped together with a KoV of ovine origin within a distinct genetic type (B3) of the species Aichivirus B

Molecular detection of canine bufaviruses in wild canids

Novel protoparvoviruses genetically related to human and non-human primate bufaviruses (BuVs) have been detected recently in respiratory and enteric specimens collected from dogs and cats. In this study, by molecular screening of archival collections of faecal samples from wolves and foxes, we detected BuVs with a rate of 17.1% (7/41) and 10.5% (9/86), respectively. Sequence analysis of a portion of the ORF2 gene region of nine positive samples showed that the viruses in these samples were closely related to BuVs (97.5–99.0% nucleotide sequence identity) found in domestic carnivores

Discovery and Genomic Characterization of Noroviruses from a Gastroenteritis Outbreak in Domestic Cats in the US

Norovirus (NoV) RNA was detected in the stools of 6 out 14 (42.8%) 8–12-week-old cats with enteritis from a feline shelter, in New York State. Upon sequence analysis of the complete capsid, the six NoVs were found to be identical, suggesting the spread of a unique NoV strain in the shelter. The full-length genomic sequence (7839 nt) of one feline NoV, CU081210E/2010/US, was determined. In the capsid protein VP1 region, the virus displayed the highest amino acid identity to animal genogroup IV genotype 2 (GIV.2) NoVs: lion/Pistoia-387/06/IT (97.9%) and dog/Bari-170/07/IT (90.4%). These findings document the discovery of a novel feline calicivirus, different from vesiviruses, and extend the spectrum of NoV host range. Epidemiological studies using feline NoV-specific diagnostic tools and experimental infection of cats are required to understand whether NoVs have a pathogenic role in this species

Possible human-to-dog transmission of SARS-CoV-2, Italy, 2020

We detected severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 in an otherwise healthy poodle living with 4 family members who had coronavirus disease. We observed antibodies in serum samples taken from the dog, indicating seroconversion. Full-length genome sequencing showed that the canine and human viruses were identical, suggesting human-to-animal transmission