A More Economic Approach to the Application of EU Merger Control

In general terms, the more economic approach to the application of EU merger law implies increased reliance on theoretical concepts from industrial economics and quantitative methods of analysis, firstly in the case of investigations and, secondly, when formulating legislation and defining the criteria that are to be set. In other words, a tendencyof the more economic approach to EU merger control is to base the evaluation of each specific case on an assessment of its anti- and pro-competitive effects (effects-based approach), rather than on the form of the intrinsic nature of a particular practice (formbased approach). In this article, the author presents the development of the more economic approach to the application of EU merger control and analyses the implications of this new trend which is present in the European Commission’s practice.In general terms, the more economic approach to the application of EU merger law implies increased reliance on theoretical concepts from industrial economics and quantitative methods of analysis, firstly in the case of investigations and, secondly, when formulating legislation and defining the criteria that are to be set. In other words, a tendencyof the more economic approach to EU merger control is to base the evaluation of each specific case on an assessment of its anti- and pro-competitive effects (effects-based approach), rather than on the form of the intrinsic nature of a particular practice (formbased approach). In this article, the author presents the development of the more economic approach to the application of EU merger control and analyses the implications of this new trend which is present in the European Commission’s practice

Network Model with Application to Allergy Diseases

We propose a new graphical model to describe the comorbidity of allergic diseases. We present our model in two versions. First, we introduce a generative model that correctly reflects the variables' causal relationship. Then we propose an approximation of the generative model by another misspecified model that is computationally more efficient and easily interpretable. We will focus on the misspecified version, which we consider more practical. We include in the model two directed graphs, one graph of known dependency between the main binary variables (diseases), and a second graph of the dependence between the occurrence of the diseases and their symptoms. In the model, we also consider additional auxiliary variables. The proposed model is evaluated on a cross-sectional multicentre study in Poland on the ECAP database (www.ecap.pl). An assessment of the stability of the proposed model was obtained using bootstrap and jackknife techniques

CHANGES OF MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF 7 YEAR OLD BOYS BASED ON VARIABLES OF MOTOR ABILITIES UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL EXERCISE TREATMENT

Abstract Introduction: Identification of the motor abilities in relation to initial biomotor variables based on two sources of variability (natural development and treatment programme effects) establishes global principles of general support for growth and development of children. Aim of the study: The innovative approach of this research was to separate the natural and the intentional processes of morphological characteristics based on different initial motor abilities. The focus of the study was on biological processes, we were not especially interested in local data as elementary statistical indicators. Materials and methods: The investigation concerned 249 boys (7 years old) who were divided into three groups: motorically inferior, moderate, superior and who participated in a transformational process lasting 18 months. They were measured three times and described by 26 biomotor variables. Their morphological status, as well as its changes, were to a great extent characterized by the initial motor configuration. Discriminant analysis was used to data which were first transformed into universal range (1.0-5.0). Only the common variability in the space of morphological measures was retained for further procedures. Results: For measurements repeated three times, two discriminant functions were computed: first, more pronounced, differentiated the inferior from the superior subjects exclusively on the basis of fatty tissue measures; second, somewhat less pronounced, differentiated the motorically moderate subjects on the basis of all other morphological indicators. Conclusions: The programme ensured the conditions for better improvement for the motorically poorer, in contrast with the motorically more proficient subjects, so inferior boys got better support for their growth and development then superior

Standard intraoral radiography vs. cone beam computed tomography for root canal systems detection in historical dental material

The study of root canal systems of historical teeth is relatively new in anthropological research. This issue has not been extensively documented in the anthropological literature. The authors of the present study have detected the visibility of root canal systems in 231 human teeth belonging to 11 individuals of both sexes from the 18th and 19th centuries in an archaeological site at Radom (Poland). Teeth were divided precisely into one-, two-, and three-rooted specimens. Each root was analyzed separately. Three methods were used: Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT), Standard Intraoral Radiography in Paralleling Technique (PT), and Same Lingual Opposite Buccal (SLOB) technique with constant exposure conditions. It was found that CBCT can be used successfully, even treated as a “gold standard”, providing the highest visibility rate of all teeth types. In maxilla one-root teeth, the root canal is more visible in PT (77%) than in SLOB (54%) technique. In upper premolars, both buccal and palatal canals are more visible in SLOB (75% and 85%, respectively), and the differences are statistically significant (p = 0.0003 and p < 0.0001, respectively). In three-rooted teeth, the most visible canals are distobuccal, in both SLOB (80%) and PT (70%) methods. Less frequently diagnosed are canals in mesiobuccal roots in both radiographic methods (PT 20% and SLOB 32%). The canals in palatal root were poorly detectable. In mandibular one-root teeth, a higher visibility rate was achieved with PT (93%) than SLOB (80%) technique. In distal roots of mandibular molars, the canals are more visible in PT (59%) method. Morphology of mesial root was better detected in SLOB (74%) technique. The study demonstrates the potential of using single-root teeth when the rest of the tooth root is fragmented

Epigenetic chromatin modifications in barley after mutagenic treatment

In addition to their normal developmental processes, plants have evolved complex genetic and epigenetic regulatory mechanisms to cope with various environmental stresses. It has been shown that both DNA methylation and histone modifications are involved in DNA damage response to various types of stresses. In this study, we focused on the involvement of two mutagenic agents, chemical (maleic acid hydrazide; MH) and physical (gamma rays), on the global epigenetic modifications of chromatin in barley. Our results indicate that both mutagens strongly influence the level of histone methylation and acetylation. Moreover, we found that gamma irradiation, in contrast to MH, has a more robust influence on the DNA methylation level. This is the first study that brings together mutagenic treatment along with its impact at the level of epigenetic modifications examined using the immunohistochemical method

Rola pielęgniarki w opiece nad pacjentem z atopowym zapaleniem skóry = Nurse’s role in taking care of a patient with atopic dermatitis

Filipska Karolina, Zalewska Iwona, Ciesielska Natalia, Sokołowski Remigiusz, Podhorecka Marta, Zukow Walery. Rola pielęgniarki w opiece nad pacjentem z atopowym zapaleniem skóry = Nurse’s role in taking care of a patient with atopic dermatitis. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2016;6(1):229-240. eISSN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.45344http://ojs.ukw.edu.pl/index.php/johs/article/view/3357https://pbn.nauka.gov.pl/works/710179  The journal has had 7 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education parametric evaluation. Part B item 755 (23.12.2015).755 Journal of Education, Health and Sport eISSN 2391-8306 7© The Author (s) 2016; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, PolandOpen Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium,provided the original author(s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited.This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercialuse, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited.The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.Received: 15.12.2015. Revised 12.01.2016. Accepted: 25.01.2016. Rola pielęgniarki w opiece nad pacjentem z atopowym zapaleniem skóryNurse’s role in taking care of a patient with atopic dermatitis Karolina Filipska1, Iwona Zalewska1, Natalia Ciesielska1, Remigiusz Sokołowski2, Marta Podhorecka1, Walery Zukow3 1Katedra i Klinika Geriatrii, Uniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika Collegium Medicum, Bydgoszcz2Katedra Higieny, Epidemiologii i Ergonomii, Zakład Ergonomii i Fizjologii Wysiłku Fizycznego, Uniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika Collegium Medicum, Bydgoszcz3Wydział Kultury Fizycznej, Zdrowia i Turystyki, Uniwersytet Kazimierza Wielkiego w Bydgoszczy Słowa kluczowe: atopowe zapalenie skóry, psychologiczne aspekty chorób, świąd, rola pielęgniarki.Keywords: atopic dermatitis, psychological aspects of diseases, itching, nurse’s role. StreszczenieWstęp. Atopowe zapalenie skóry (AZS, ang. atopic dermatitis) jest chorobą alergiczną o przewlekłym i nawracającym przebiegu. Toczący się proces chorobowy dotyczy naskórka i skóry właściwej. AZS to najpowszechniej występująca przewlekła choroba zapalna dzieci, której patogeneza nie jest do końca poznana. Uznaje się, że na rozwój choroby składają się czynniki genetyczne, immunologiczne, oraz środowiskowe. Cel. Przedstawienie roli pielęgniarki w opiece nad pacjentem z atopowym zapaleniem skóry.Materiał i metody. Dokonano przeglądu 43 doniesień naukowych – artykuły badawcze i poglądowe oraz literatura współczesna - obejmujących swą tematyką rolę pielęgniarki w opiece nad pacjentem z atopowym zapaleniem skóry. Posługując się słowami kluczowymi: atopowe zapalenie skóry, psychologiczne aspekty chorób, świąd rola pielęgniarki przeszukano bazy bibliograficzne  Ebsco, ScienceDirect, SpringerLink, Medline.Wyniki. Zadania pielęgnacyjno-opiekuńcze wynikają z poszczególnych symptomów AZS. Wśród założeń opieki pielęgniarskiej wymienia się: zmniejszenie świądu i suchości skóry;  zminimalizowanie zaburzeń sennych; obniżenie ryzyka wtórych nadkażeń bakteryjnych, wirusowych lub grzybiczych; oraz kompleksowa edukacja chorego i jego rodziny w celu szybszej rekonwalescencji i wydłużenia okresów remisji.Wnioski. AZS wpływa negatywnie na domenę fizyczną, psychiczną i społeczną chorego. Ze względu na swoją przewlekłość oraz szerokie roz­powszechnienie należy do jednego z największych wyzwań zarówno dla pielęgniarki jak i całego zespołu terapeutycznego. Skuteczne leczenie dermatologiczne, właściwa opieka pielęgnacyjna i psychologiczna, oraz edukacja powinny stanowić stały element kompleksowej opieki nad chorym z AZS.  SummaryIntroduction. Atopic dermatitis (AD) is an allergic disease of chronic and recurrent course. Progressing disease refers to the epidermis and dermis. AD is the most commonly occurring chronic inflammatory disease of children, whose pathogenesis is not fully understood. It is recognized that the development of the disease consists of genetic, immunologic, and environmental factors.Purpose. Presentation of the role of nurses in the care of patients with atopic dermatitis.Materials and methods. A review of 43 scientific reports - research articles and opinion articles and contemporary literature - including its theme the role of nurses in the care of patients with atopic dermatitis. Using the key words: atopic dermatitis, psychological aspects of the disease, pruritus, the role of nurses searched bibliographic databases EBSCO, ScienceDirect, SpringerLink, Medline.Results. The tasks of nursing care stem from individual symptoms of AD. Among the objectives of nursing care are: reducing itching and dry skin; minimizing distortions dream; reducing the risk of Second bacterial, viral or fungal infections; and comprehensive education of the patient and his family for faster recovery and longer periods of remission.Conclusions. AD domain negatively affects physical, mental and social of the patient. Due to its excessive length and wide dissemination is one of the biggest challenges for both the nurses and the entire therapeutic team. Effective treatment of dermatological, proper home care and psychological care, and education should be a regular part of comprehensive care for patients with AD

Aminoglycosides resistance in clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus from a University Hospital in Bialystok, Poland.

Staphylococcus aureus obtained from a University Hospital in Poland were characterized in relation to resistance to aminoglycoside antibiotics and the distribution of the genes encoding the most clinically relevant aminoglycoside modifying enzymes (AMEs). Of a total of 118 S. aureus, 45 (38.1%) isolates were found to be resistant to at least one of the tested antibiotics. All aminoglycoside resistant isolates except one 44 (97.8%) were resistant to kanamycin. The majority of strains 37 (82.2%) and 32 (71.1%) expressed resistance to neomycin and tobramycin, respectively. Eleven strains (24.4%) were resistant to gentamicin or amikacin. All S. aureus strains were sensitive to netilmicin. The most prevalent resistance gene was aac(6')-Ie+aph(2') found in 13 (28.9%) strains and 12 (26.7%) isolates carried ant(4')-Ia gene, whilst aph(3')-IIIa gene was detected in only 7 (15.6%) isolates. Additionally, the ant(6)-Ia and str genes were detected in 14 (31.1%) and 2 (4.4%) strains, respectively. Ten (22.2%) strains resistant to amikacin, tobramycin, kanamycin or neomycin did not harbor any of the above-noted genes

Co chromosomy mówią o ewolucji roślin?

Plants vary enonnously in their genome size, structure, organization and the chromosome number and shape as a consequence of millions years of evolution. Comparative cytogenetic analysis of different karyotypes indicated significant contribution ofchromosomal rearrangements to plant evolution. Chromosomal rearrangements such as inversion, translocation and duplication are common. They range from the part of a gene to chromosomal fragment and very often they are difficull for detection with traditional cytogenetic methods. Recent development of molecular cytogenetic techniques opened new possibilities for ana lysis of chromosome structure. Locali­zation of various DNA sequences, especially repetitive sequences, and recently BAC clones, enabled identification of particular chromosomes or whole genomes in nucleus of many plant species. These investigations have provided new data on chromosomal rearrangements and on great importance ofpolyploidization and diploidization processes in plant evolution. Molecular and cytological technologies have revealed many novel paleopolyploids, which have been traditionally considered as diploids. The most of angiospenns have experienced polyploidiza­tion in their evolutionary bistory. On the other hand, genetic and epigenetic modifications are leading factors promoting genetic diploidization. Five processes: polyploidization, transposon amplification, chromosome breakage, unequal homologous recombination, and illegitimate recombination are considered as the major mechanisms generating chromosomal variation during evolution. Polish cytogenetics has significant contribution to plant genome investigation. Karyotyping and genome size analyses have been developed in many laboratories. Chromosome engineering techniques were introduced to basie studies and plant breeding programs. Nowadays the newest techniques of molecular cytogenetics are widely applied to phylogenetic investigations

Evaluation of serum heat shock protein 70 concentration in women with recurrent miscarriages

Background. Heat shock proteins (Hsp) were discovered over 50 years ago and are commonly called ‘stress proteins’. Hsp proteins play an important role in a cell, in that they provide protection against cellstress factors and environmentally negative factors. The most conservative, and the best known, heat shock proteins are Hsp 70 subfamily proteins. It has been suggested that an increase of Hsp 70 in the blood during pregnancy has a negative impact. The aetiology of recurrent miscarriages in more than 60% of women remains unexplained. Therefore the aim of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of Hsp 70 assessment in the diagnosis of recurrent miscarriages.Material and methods. The study group consisted of 100 women (aged 36.0 ± 4.9 years) who had experienced repeated miscarriages. The reference group consisted of 60 women (aged 36.1 ± 3.6 years), who had been pregnant at least twice and who had given birth by a spontaneous labour without complications. Hsp 70 was determined in the serum.Results. We found no significant differences in the Hsp 70 concentration between the women with recurrent miscarriages and the reference group. While median serum Hsp 70 was the most elevated in the women with the highest number of miscarriages, this difference was not significant.Conclusion. Based on the obtained results, it is difficult to determine whether Hsp 70 plays a causative role in recurrent miscarriages. However, taking into account the fact that the role of Hsp 70 in the course of normal and pathological pregnancy is not yet completely understood, it may be worth expanding the study to include a larger group of women with recurrent miscarriages

Analysis of serum protein fractions from women with recurrent miscarriage

Recurrent miscarriage occurs in 1 - 5 % of women at reproductive age. The most common cause of recurrent miscarriage is chromosomal abnormalities of the embryo (41%), chromosomal aberrations parents (10%), anatomical abnormalities of the uterus (5%), infectious and hormonal factors. In about 25% of women, no cause of recurrent miscarriage is usually found. Therefore it seems important to study all factors possibly inducing pregnancy disorders. Objective: The aim of this study was to find a difference in serum protein fractions between women with primary and secondary recurrent miscarriage. Methods: The study group consisted of 52 women (aged 36.0±4.9) with recurrent miscarriage. Nine of them (17%) reported one earlier regular pregnancy ending with childbirth without complications. Control group comprised 30 non-pregnant women (aged 36.1±3.6), who had given vaginal birth to healthy children at least twice. Serum protein fractions were separated by electrophoresis in the SDS PAGE buffer system using a Mini PROTEAN 3 cell device. BioRad SDS PAGE Molecular Weight Standards covering mass range of 6.5-200 kDa were used as a reference. Gels were stained with Coomassie Blue R 250 solution. BioRad QuantityOne software was used for the assessment of molecular weight of each protein fraction. Results: Electrophoretic separation revealed 39 protein fractions of 10 243 kDa. Particularly interesting was a 38 kDa fraction present exclusively in serum of women with recurrent pregnancy, who had never given birth. Another fraction (74 kDa), not detected in the control group, was found in all women with recurrent pregnancy loss. Protein fractions of 76 and 151 kDa were present only in the control group. Conclusions: The presence of the protein fractions of low- or mid-weight in serum from women with recurrent miscarriage may potentially play a role in the pathomechanism of this disorder