Impact of chosen biological pathogens on some nervous system structures and on animal behaviour

The aim of this work was to present the impact of external pathogens, which, through a disorder of intra-organic homeostasis, lead to permanent and irreversible changes in highly organized integration processes of the central nervous system. In result, changes in behaviour of various animal species are observed. Decrease in psychophysical activity is the main symptom of the strategy allowing to overcome the healing crisis and to survive. In specialist literature this condition is called the "sickness behaviour". In case of presented disease entities, etilogic factors exceed compensation abilities of the system and lead to decease or are an indication for euthanasia. Very frequently, non-specific symptoms in the course of the above mentioned contagious diseases in animals and close contacts of some animal species with humans present a direct threat to people

Morphometry of the coronary ostia and the structure of coronary arteries in the shorthair domestic cat.

The aim of this study was to measure the area of the coronary ostia, assess their localization in the coronary sinuses and to determine the morphology of the stem of the left and right coronary arteries in the domestic shorthair cat. The study was conducted on 100 hearts of domestic shorthair cats of both sexes, aged 2-18 years, with an average body weight of 4.05 kg. A morphometric analysis of the coronary ostia was carried out on 52 hearts. The remaining 48 hearts were injected with a casting material in order to carry out a morphological assessment of the left and right coronary arteries. In all the studied animals, the surface of the left coronary artery ostium was larger than the surface of the right coronary artery ostium. There were four types of the left main coronary artery: type I (23 animals, 49%)-double-branched left main stem (giving off the left circumflex branch and the interventricular paraconal branch, which in turn gave off the septal branch), type II (12 animals, 26%)-double-branched left main stem (giving off the left circumflex branch and the interventricular paraconal branch without the septal branch), type III (11 animals, 23%)-triple-branched left main stem (giving off the left circumflex branch, interventricular branch and the septal branch, type IV (1 animal, 2%)-double-branched left main stem (giving off the interventricular paraconal branch and the left circumflex branch, which in turn gave off the septal branch). The left coronary artery ostium is greater than the right one. There is considerable diversity in the branches of proximal segment of the left coronary artery, while the right coronary artery is more conservative. These results can be useful in defining the optimal strategies in the endovascular procedures involving the coronary arteries or the aortic valve in the domestic shorthair cat

Additional file 1: of Rostral cranial fossa as a site for cerebrospinal fluid drainage – volumetric studies in dog breeds of different size and morphotype

Individuals value of AP, ZyZy, volRCF, volCC and volRCF/volCC ratio (RCF/CC). (XLS 20 kb

Additional file 1: of The morphology of the adrenal gland in the European bison (Bison bonasus)

Measurements of the adrenal glands in the studied European bison population. (DOC 275 kb

Overview of the aortic valve.

<p>1 –left semilunar leaflet, 2 –right semilunar leaflet, 3 –non-coronary semilunar leaflet, 4 –left coronary ostium, 5 –right coronary ostium.</p

Type II–double-branched left main stem giving off the left circumflex branch and the interventricular paraconal branch without the septal branch.

<p>1 –ascending aorta, 2 –left coronary artery (main stem), 3 –interventricular paraconal branch, 4 –left circumflex branch.</p

Two separate ostia for the interventricular paraconal branch and the left circumflex branch.

<p>1 –left semilunar leaflet, 2 –interventricular paraconal branch, 3 –left circumflex branch.</p

Type I–double-branched left main stem giving off the left circumflex branch and the interventricular paraconal branch, which gave off the septal branch.

<p>1 –ascending aorta, 2 –left coronary artery (main stem), 3 –interventricular paraconal branch, 4 –left circumflex branch, 5 –septal branch.</p