Nutritional value of four pest animals to be used in feeding monogastric organisms

[ES] Las muestras de animales plagas fueron colectadas, secadas y molidas. Estas fueron analizadas para determinar su contenido en proteína, cenizas y aminoácidos. Los análisis bromatológicos mostraron que Achatina fulica y Pieris brassica, contienen más proteína bruta, (PB) (779.2 y 812.2 g/kg) en comparación a Phyllophaga spp. y Spodoptera frugierda (432. 5 y 445.7 g/ kg). Comparando el perfil de aminoácidos, A. fulica y P. brassica obtuvieron los niveles más altos en la mayoría de los amino ácidos esenciales (AAE) que la torta de soya y en el caso de A. fulica, éste exhibió valores más altos que la harina de pescado en arginina, cisteina, glicina, serina y tirosina. Observando la relación de AAE/AANE (amino ácidos no esenciales) en las harinas, sólo S. frugiperda presentó valores similares a la harina de pescado (0.85). Todas las harinas de animales plagas presentaron una reducción en la cuantificación de amino ácidos en relación con los valores de PB obtenidos por el método de Kjeldahl, esta reducción se encontraba entre 28.6 y 38.0%. Esta disminución podría deberse a la combinación entre la proteína y la quitina que se encuentran en el cuerpo de los insectos. A pesar de esta reducción la cuantificación de amino ácidos de los animales plagas podría ser una buena alternativa para su uso en la alimentación de monogástricos, especialmente para peces y crustáceos.[EN] The pest samples were collected, dried, and grounded. They were analysed to determinate contain of protein, energy, ashes and amino acids. The bromatological analysis showed that Achatina fulica and Pieris brassica, obtained a higher amount of crude protein (CP) (779.2 and 812.2 g/kg) in comparison to Phyllophaga spp. and Spodoptera frugiperda (432.5 and 455.7 g/kg). Comparing the amino acids profile, A. fulica and P. brassica obtained higher values in most of the essential amino acids (EAA) than soybean meal, and A. fulica exhibited even higher values than fish meal (FM) in Arginine, Cysteine, Glycine, Serine, and Tyrosine. Observing the relation of EAA/NEEA (no essential amino acids) in all the meals only S. frugiperda presented a similar value to fish meal (0.85). All the pest meals presented a reduction in the amino acids quantification in comparison to the CP values obtained by the Kjeldahl method, with reduction between 28.6 through 38.0%. This diminution could be due to the linkage of the protein to the chitin content of the insect body. In spite of the reduction of the amino acids quantification, the pest meals could be an alternative in feeding monogastric organisms, especially fish and crustaceans.To the Polytechnic University of Valencia for it support.Nogales Mérida, S.; Velazco Vargas, JL.; Martínez-Llorens, S.; Tomas-Vidal, A. (2018). Nutritional value of four pest animals to be used in feeding monogastric organisms. Archivos de Zootecnia. 67(258):278-282. https://doi.org/10.21071/az.v67i258.3664S2782826725

Apparent digestibility and protein quality evaluation of selected feed ingredients in Seriola dumerili

This is the peer reviewed version of the following article: Tomas-Vidal, A., Monge-Ortiz, Raquel, Jover Cerda, Miguel, Martínez-Llorens, Silvia. (2019). Apparent digestibility and protein quality evaluation of selected feed ingredients in Seriola dumerili.Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, null. DOI: 10.1111/jwas.12597, which has been published in final form at http://doi.org/10.1111/jwas.12597. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Wiley Terms and Conditions for Self-Archiving.[EN] The apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) of dry matter, crude protein, crude lipid, and amino acids in fish, krill, squid, meat, defatted krill, soybean, wheat gluten, wheat, camilina, pea, sunflower, and fava bean meals were determined for juvenile Seriola dumerili. The results showed that the ADC of dry matter for yellowtail ranged from 57.7 to 87.2% for animal ingredients and from 42.2 to 82.2% for plant ingredients. An ADC of protein exceeding 90% was observed in fishmeal, while camilina meal and fava bean meal presented the lowest values. Pea meal presented the lowest lipid ADC (83.5%). The availabilities were generally higher in animal ingredients than those in vegetal ones. Except camilina and fava bean meal, the other ingredients appear to be favorable for S. dumerili diets, especially the ones from animal sources. Lower case chemical score values (minimum value from amino acid ratios [AARs]) were obtained in some vegetal ingredients (14¿18%), while the highest ones were observed in marine ingredients (69¿88%). According to Oser's Index, the most balanced protein for yellowtail with regard to essential amino acids was in krill, defatted krill, and fishmeal (92¿96%). So, animal sources are suitable as protein ingredients, but they could be enhanced through some essential amino acid supplementation.This project was financed by the “Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación” (reference AGL2011-30547-C03).Tomas-Vidal, A.; Monge-Ortiz, R.; Jover Cerda, M.; Martínez-Llorens, S. (2019). Apparent digestibility and protein quality evaluation of selected feed ingredients in Seriola dumerili. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society. https://doi.org/10.1111/jwas.12597

Fish oil substitution by soybean oil in Diplodus puntazzo: Performance fatty acid profile and liver histology

[EN] The present study was performed to determine the effect of soybean oil on the performance and liver histology in sharpsnout sea bream. Four experimental diets were formulated containing 0%, 25%, 50% and 75% of soybean oil substituting of fish oil. Fish weighing 35 g were fed for 84 days. Increasing the level of soybean oil had no significant effects on growth and feed efficiency parameters. Biometrics, body composition, protein- and energy- efficiency were not affected by the fish oil replacement. Muscle and liver fatty acids reflected fish oil substitution. Moreover, histology did not show statistical differences among treatments.This research was supported by grants from the Planes Nacionales de Acuicultura (JACUMAR) in Spain.Nogales Mérida, S.; Martínez-Llorens, S.; Moñino López, AV.; Jover Cerda, M.; Tomas-Vidal, A. (2017). Fish oil substitution by soybean oil in Diplodus puntazzo: Performance fatty acid profile and liver histology. Journal of Applied Aquaculture. 29(1):46-61. doi:10.1080/10454438.2016.1274933S4661291Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC). 1990. Official methods of analysis, 15th ed., p. 1298. Arlington, VA: Author.Caballero, M. J., Izquierdo, M. S., Kjorsvik, E., Fernandez, A. J., & Rosenlund, G. (2004). Histological alterations in the liver of sea bream, Sparus aurata L., caused by short- or long-term feeding with vegetable oils. Recovery of normal morphology after feeding fish oil as the sole lipid source. Journal of Fish Diseases, 27(9), 531-541. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2761.2004.00572.xCaballero, M. ., Obach, A., Rosenlund, G., Montero, D., Gisvold, M., & Izquierdo, M. . (2002). Impact of different dietary lipid sources on growth, lipid digestibility, tissue fatty acid composition and histology of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Aquaculture, 214(1-4), 253-271. doi:10.1016/s0044-8486(01)00852-3Glencross, B., Hawkins, W., & Curnow, J. (2003). Evaluation of canola oils as alternative lipid resources in diets for juvenile red seabream, Pagrus auratus. Aquaculture Nutrition, 9(5), 305-315. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2095.2003.00257.xGrisdale-Helland, B., Ruyter, B., Rosenlund, G., Obach, A., Helland, S. ., Sandberg, M. ., … Røsjø, C. (2002). Influence of high contents of dietary soybean oil on growth, feed utilization, tissue fatty acid composition, heart histology and standard oxygen consumption of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) raised at two temperatures. Aquaculture, 207(3-4), 311-329. doi:10.1016/s0044-8486(01)00743-8Izquierdo, M. S., Obach, A., Arantzamendi, L., Montero, D., Robaina, L., & Rosenlund, G. (2003). Dietary lipid sources for seabream and seabass: growth performance, tissue composition and flesh quality. Aquaculture Nutrition, 9(6), 397-407. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2095.2003.00270.x(2007). Aquaculture Research, 38(1). doi:10.1111/are.2007.38.issue-1Martino, R. C., Cyrino, J. E. P., Portz, L., & Trugo, L. C. (2002). Performance and fatty acid composition of surubim (Pseudoplatystoma coruscans) fed diets with animal and plant lipids. Aquaculture, 209(1-4), 233-246. doi:10.1016/s0044-8486(01)00847-xMcFadzen, I. R. ., Coombs, S. ., & Halliday, N. . (1997). Histological indices of the nutritional condition of sardine, Sardina pilchardus (Walbaum) larvae off the north coast of Spain. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 212(2), 239-258. doi:10.1016/s0022-0981(96)02755-4Nogales Mérida, S., Jover Cerdá, M., Martínez Llorens, S., & Tomás Vidal, A. (2011). A study of partial replacement of fish meal with sunflower meal on growth, amino acid retention, and body composition of sharpsnout seabream, Diplodus puntazzo (Actinopterygii: Perciformes: Sparidae). Acta Ichthyologica Et Piscatoria, 41(1), 47-54. doi:10.3750/aip2011.41.1.07Nogales-Mérida, S., Tomás-Vidal, A., Cerdá, M. J., & Martínez-Llorens, S. (2011). Growth performance, histological alterations and fatty acid profile in muscle and liver of sharp snout sea bream (Diplodus puntazzo) with partial replacement of fish oil by pork fat. Aquaculture International, 19(5), 917-929. doi:10.1007/s10499-010-9410-zNogales Mérida, S., Tomás-Vidal, A., Martínez-Llorens, S., & Jover Cerdá, M. (2010). Sunflower meal as a partial substitute in juvenile sharpsnout sea bream (Diplodus puntazzo) diets: Amino acid retention, gut and liver histology. Aquaculture, 298(3-4), 275-281. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2009.10.025O’Fallon, J. V., Busboom, J. R., Nelson, M. L., & Gaskins, C. T. (2007). A direct method for fatty acid methyl ester synthesis: Application to wet meat tissues, oils, and feedstuffs. Journal of Animal Science, 85(6), 1511-1521. doi:10.2527/jas.2006-491Olsen, R. E., Tore Dragnes, B., Myklebust, R., & Ringø, E. (2003). Effect of soybean oil and soybean lecithin on intestinal lipid composition and lipid droplet accumulation of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum. Fish Physiology and Biochemistry, 29(3), 181-192. doi:10.1023/b:fish.0000045708.67760.43Peng, S., Chen, L., Qin, J. G., Hou, J., Yu, N., Long, Z., … Sun, X. (2008). Effects of replacement of dietary fish oil by soybean oil on growth performance and liver biochemical composition in juvenile black seabream, Acanthopagrus schlegeli. Aquaculture, 276(1-4), 154-161. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2008.01.035Piedecausa, M. A., Mazón, M. J., García García, B., & Hernández, M. D. (2007). Effects of total replacement of fish oil by vegetable oils in the diets of sharpsnout seabream (Diplodus puntazzo). Aquaculture, 263(1-4), 211-219. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2006.09.039Richard, N., Mourente, G., Kaushik, S., & Corraze, G. (2006). Replacement of a large portion of fish oil by vegetable oils does not affect lipogenesis, lipid transport and tissue lipid uptake in European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.). Aquaculture, 261(3), 1077-1087. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2006.07.021Roberts, R. J. 1981. Patología de los peces. In ed. M. Prensa, 366. Madrid, Spain.Ruyter, B., Moya-Falcón, C., Rosenlund, G., & Vegusdal, A. (2006). Fat content and morphology of liver and intestine of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar): Effects of temperature and dietary soybean oil. Aquaculture, 252(2-4), 441-452. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2005.07.014Snedecor, G., and W. Cochran. 1971. Statistical methods, p. 592. Ames, IA: Iowa State University Press.Turchini, G. M., Mentasti, T., Frøyland, L., Orban, E., Caprino, F., Moretti, V. M., & Valfré, F. (2003). Effects of alternative dietary lipid sources on performance, tissue chemical composition, mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation capabilities and sensory characteristics in brown trout (Salmo trutta L.). Aquaculture, 225(1-4), 251-267. doi:10.1016/s0044-8486(03)00294-1(2009). Reviews in Aquaculture, 1(1). doi:10.1111/raq.2009.1.issue-

Evaluation of soybean meal as protein source for Argyrosomus Regius (Asso, 1801) (Sciaenidae)

[EN] The meagre (Argyrosomus regius) is a carnivorous fish which requires diets with higher protein content, causing an increment in diets cost. A way to diminish this cost is to use vegetable meals like soybean meal (SB). So the aim of this trial was to determine the optimum inclusion level of defatted soybean meal in experimental diets for this species. 800 fishes (165 g) were distributed in 8 tanks, two replicates per treatment. Four isoproteic (50% CP) and isolipidic (17% Cl) diets were formulated with four levels of soybean meal inclusion, 0, 15, 30 and 45%. The trial lasted 107 days. Meagre fed diets 15 and 30% obtained the highest final weight. There were no significant differences among treatments in the feed conversion rate (FCR) and the protein efficiency (PER). According to the quadratic regression, the optimum SB inclusion to maximize thermal growth coefficient (TGC) was 26.4% and for FCR was 27.6%. No significant differences were observed in energy, protein and amino acid retention among diets. The inclusion of SB in meagre diets can generate a decrease in the use of fish meal and in turn reduce the cost of producing meagre Mediterranean aquaculture industry.Velazco Vargas, JL.; Martínez-Llorens, S.; Jover Cerda, M.; Tomas-Vidal, A. (2013). Evaluation of soybean meal as protein source for Argyrosomus Regius (Asso, 1801) (Sciaenidae). International Journal of Fisheries and Aquaculture. 5(3):25-44. doi:10.5897/IJFA12.062S25445

Acoustic Transmitters for Underwater Neutrino Telescopes

In this paper acoustic transmitters that were developed for use in underwater neutrino telescopes are presented. Firstly, an acoustic transceiver has been developed as part of the acoustic positioning system of neutrino telescopes. These infrastructures are not completely rigid and require a positioning system in order to monitor the position of the optical sensors which move due to sea currents. To guarantee a reliable and versatile system, the transceiver has the requirements of reduced cost, low power consumption, high pressure withstanding (up to 500 bars), high intensity for emission, low intrinsic noise, arbitrary signals for emission and the capacity of acquiring and processing received signals. Secondly, a compact acoustic transmitter array has been developed for the calibration of acoustic neutrino detection systems. The array is able to mimic the signature of ultra-high-energy neutrino interaction in emission directivity and signal shape. The technique of parametric acoustic sources has been used to achieve the proposed aim. The developed compact array has practical features such as easy manageability and operation. The prototype designs and the results of different tests are described. The techniques applied for these two acoustic systems are so powerful and versatile that may be of interest in other marine applications using acoustic transmitters.Comment: 21 pages, 14 figures,1 tabl

Successful inclusion of high vegetable protein sources in feed for rainbow trout without decrement in intestinal health

[EN] A reduction in fishmeal in diets is essential to achieve the aim of sustainable production. In the current work, using a plant protein blend of wheat gluten, wheat and soybean meal supplemented with Tau, Val, Lys and Met, a 10% higher fishmeal substitution without affecting growth and health parameters has been accomplished. The aquaculture of carnivorous fish is in continuous expansion, which leads to the need to reduce the dependence on fishmeal (FM). Plant proteins (PP) represent a suitable protein alternative to FM and are increasingly used in fish feed. However, PP may lead to stunted growth and enteritis. In the current study, the effect of high FM substitution by PP sources on the growth, mortality and intestinal health of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) was evaluated in terms of the histological intestine parameters and expression of genes related to inflammation (IL-1 beta, IL-8 and TGF-beta) and immune responses (Transferrin, IgT and IFN-gamma). The results show that a total substitution registered lower growth and survival rates, probably due to a disruption to the animal's health. Confirming this hypothesis, fish fed FM0 showed histological changes in the intestine and gene changes related to inflammatory responses, which in the long-term could have triggered an immunosuppression. The FM10 diet presented not only a similar expression to FM20 (control diet), but also similar growth and survival. Therefore, 90% of FM substitution was demonstrated as being feasible in this species using a PP blend of wheat gluten (WG) and soybean meal (SBM) as a protein source.Vélez-Calabria, G.; Peñaranda, D.; Jover Cerda, M.; Martínez-Llorens, S.; Tomas-Vidal, A. (2021). Successful inclusion of high vegetable protein sources in feed for rainbow trout without decrement in intestinal health. Animals. 11(12):1-18. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11123577S118111

Intestinal Explant Cultures from Gilthead Seabream (Sparus aurata, L.) Allowed the Determination of Mucosal Sensitivity to Bacterial Pathogens and the Impact of a Plant Protein Diet

[EN] The interaction between diet and intestinal health has been widely discussed, although in vivo approaches have reported limitations. The intestine explant culture system developed provides an advantage since it reduces the number of experimental fish and increases the time of incubation compared to similar methods, becoming a valuable tool in the study of the interactions between pathogenic bacteria, rearing conditions, or dietary components and fish gut immune response. The objective of this study was to determine the influence of the total substitution of fish meal by plants on the immune intestinal status of seabream using an ex vivo bacterial challenge. For this aim, two growth stages of fish were assayed (12 g): phase I (90 days), up to 68 g, and phase II (305 days), up to 250 g. Additionally, in phase II, the effects of long term and short term exposure (15 days) to a plant protein (PP) diet were determined. PP diet altered the mucosal immune homeostasis, the younger fish being more sensitive, and the intestine from fish fed short-term plant diets showed a higher immune response than with long-term feeding. Vibrio alginolyticus (V. alginolyticus) triggered the highest immune and inflammatory response, while COX-2 expression was significantly induced by Photobacterium damselae subsp. Piscicida (P. damselae subsp. Piscicida), showing a positive high correlation between the pro-inflammatory genes encoding interleukin 1 beta (IL1-beta), interleukin 6 (IL-6) and cyclooxygenase 2(COX-2).The research was supported by a grant financed by the Spanish Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad AGL2015-70487-P. and Generalitat Valenciana, IDIFEDER/2020/029 The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. It was additionally granted by Contrato Pre-doctoral para la Formacion de Profesorado Universitario from Subprogramas de Formacion y Movilidad within the Programa Estatal de Promocion del Talento y su Empleabilidad of the Ministerio de Educacion, Cultura y Deporte of Spain.Peñaranda, D.; Bäuerl, C.; Tomas-Vidal, A.; Jover Cerda, M.; Estruch, G.; Pérez Martínez, G.; Martínez-Llorens, S. (2020). Intestinal Explant Cultures from Gilthead Seabream (Sparus aurata, L.) Allowed the Determination of Mucosal Sensitivity to Bacterial Pathogens and the Impact of a Plant Protein Diet. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 21(20):1-20. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21207584S1202120Minghetti, M., Drieschner, C., Bramaz, N., Schug, H., & Schirmer, K. (2017). A fish intestinal epithelial barrier model established from the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) cell line, RTgutGC. Cell Biology and Toxicology, 33(6), 539-555. doi:10.1007/s10565-017-9385-xGómez, G. D., & Balcázar, J. L. (2008). A review on the interactions between gut microbiota and innate immunity of fish: Table 1. FEMS Immunology & Medical Microbiology, 52(2), 145-154. doi:10.1111/j.1574-695x.2007.00343.xJose L Gonzalez Vecino, M. H. (2015). Probiotic and Pathogen Ex-vivo Exposure of Atlantic Salmon (Salmo Salar L.) Intestine from Fish Fed Four Different Protein Sources. Journal of Aquaculture Research & Development, 06(05). doi:10.4172/2155-9546.1000340Nematollahi, A., Decostere, A., Ducatelle, R., Haesebrouck, F., & Pasmans, F. (2005). Development of a gut perfusion model as an alternative to the use of live fish. Laboratory Animals, 39(2), 194-199. doi:10.1258/0023677053739710Lin, Y.-C., & Chen, J.-C. (2001). Acute toxicity of ammonia on Litopenaeus vannamei Boone juveniles at different salinity levels. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 259(1), 109-119. doi:10.1016/s0022-0981(01)00227-1Nematollahi, A., Pasmans, F., Van den Broeck, W., Ducatelle, R., Haesebrouck, F., & Decostere, A. (2005). Association of Flavobacterium psychrophilum strains with intestinal explants of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, 67, 67-72. doi:10.3354/dao067067Harper, G. M., Monfort, M., & Saoud, I. P. (2011). An ex vivo approach to studying the interactions of probiotic Pediococcus acidilactici and Vibrio (Listonella) anguillarum in the anterior intestine of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. Journal of Aquaculture Research & Development, s1. doi:10.4172/2155-9546.s1-004Løvmo Martinsen, L., Salma, W., Myklebust, R., Mayhew, T. M., & Ringø, E. (2011). Carnobacterium maltaromaticum vs. Vibrio (Listonella) anguillarum in the midgut of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.): an ex vivo study. Aquaculture Research, 42(12), 1830-1839. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2109.2010.02784.xRen, P., Xu, L., Yang, Y., He, S., Liu, W., Ringø, E., & Zhou, Z. (2013). Lactobacillus planarum subsp. plantarum JCM 1149 vs. Aeromonas hydrophila NJ-1 in the anterior intestine and posterior intestine of hybrid tilapia Oreochromis niloticus ♀ × Oreochromis aureus ♂: An ex vivo study. Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 35(1), 146-153. doi:10.1016/j.fsi.2013.04.023Resau, J. H., Sakamoto, K., Cottrell, J. R., Hudson, E. A., & Meltzer, S. J. (1991). Explant organ culture: A review. Cytotechnology, 7(3), 137-149. doi:10.1007/bf00365924Dame, M. K., Bhagavathula, N., Mankey, C., DaSilva, M., Paruchuri, T., Aslam, M. N., & Varani, J. (2009). Human colon tissue in organ culture: preservation of normal and neoplastic characteristics. In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology - Animal, 46(2), 114-122. doi:10.1007/s11626-009-9247-9Bäuerl, C., Llopis, M., Antolín, M., Monedero, V., Mata, M., Zúñiga, M., … Pérez Martínez, G. (2012). Lactobacillus paracasei and Lactobacillus plantarum strains downregulate proinflammatory genes in an ex vivo system of cultured human colonic mucosa. Genes & Nutrition, 8(2), 165-180. doi:10.1007/s12263-012-0301-yMonge-Ortiz, R., Martínez-Llorens, S., Márquez, L., Moyano, F. J., Jover-Cerdá, M., & Tomás-Vidal, A. (2016). Potential use of high levels of vegetal proteins in diets for market-sized gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata). Archives of Animal Nutrition, 70(2), 155-172. doi:10.1080/1745039x.2016.1141743Oliva-Teles, A. (2012). Nutrition and health of aquaculture fish. Journal of Fish Diseases, 35(2), 83-108. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2761.2011.01333.xMartínez-Llorens, S., Moñino, A. V., Tomás Vidal, A., Salvador, V. J. M., Pla Torres, M., & Jover Cerdá, M. (2007). Soybean meal as a protein source in gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata L.) diets: effects on growth and nutrient utilization. Aquaculture Research, 38(1), 82-90. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2109.2006.01637.xMARTÍNEZ-LLORENS, S., VIDAL, A. T., GARCIA, I. J., TORRES, M. P., & CERDÁ, M. J. (2009). Optimum dietary soybean meal level for maximizing growth and nutrient utilization of on-growing gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata). Aquaculture Nutrition, 15(3), 320-328. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2095.2008.00597.xKrogdahl, Å., Penn, M., Thorsen, J., Refstie, S., & Bakke, A. M. (2010). Important antinutrients in plant feedstuffs for aquaculture: an update on recent findings regarding responses in salmonids. Aquaculture Research, 41(3), 333-344. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2109.2009.02426.xKrogdahl, Å., Bakke-McKellep, A. M., & Baeverfjord, G. (2003). Effects of graded levels of standard soybean meal on intestinal structure, mucosal enzyme activities, and pancreatic response in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salarL.). Aquaculture Nutrition, 9(6), 361-371. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2095.2003.00264.xURÁN, P. A., SCHRAMA, J. W., JAAFARI, S., BAARDSEN, G., ROMBOUT, J. H. W. M., KOPPE, W., & VERRETH, J. A. J. (2009). Variation in commercial sources of soybean meal influences the severity of enteritis in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salarL.). Aquaculture Nutrition, 15(5), 492-499. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2095.2008.00615.xKokou, F., Sarropoulou, E., Cotou, E., Rigos, G., Henry, M., Alexis, M., & Kentouri, M. (2015). Effects of Fish Meal Replacement by a Soybean Protein on Growth, Histology, Selected Immune and Oxidative Status Markers of Gilthead Sea Bream, Sparus aurata. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, 46(2), 115-128. doi:10.1111/jwas.12181Pereira, T. G., & Oliva-Teles, A. (2003). Evaluation of corn gluten meal as a protein source in diets for gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata L.) juveniles. Aquaculture Research, 34(13), 1111-1117. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2109.2003.00909.xMartínez-Llorens, S., Baeza-Ariño, R., Nogales-Mérida, S., Jover-Cerdá, M., & Tomás-Vidal, A. (2012). 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Effects of graded dietary levels of soy protein concentrate supplemented with methionine and phosphate on the immune and antioxidant responses of gilthead sea bream ( Sparus aurata L.). Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 64, 111-121. doi:10.1016/j.fsi.2017.03.017Couso, N., Castro, R., Magariños, B., Obach, A., & Lamas, J. (2003). Effect of oral administration of glucans on the resistance of gilthead seabream to pasteurellosis. Aquaculture, 219(1-4), 99-109. doi:10.1016/s0044-8486(03)00019-xMauri, I., Romero, A., Acerete, L., MacKenzie, S., Roher, N., Callol, A., … Tort, L. (2011). Changes in complement responses in Gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) and European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) under crowding stress, plus viral and bacterial challenges. Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 30(1), 182-188. doi:10.1016/j.fsi.2010.10.006Reyes-Becerril, M., López-Medina, T., Ascencio-Valle, F., & Esteban, M. Á. (2011). 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A study of partial replacement of fish meal with sunflower meal on growth, amino acid retention, and body composition of sharpsnout seabream, Diplodus puntazzo (Actinopterygii: Perciformes: Sparidae)

Background. Our previous study demonstrated that sharpsnout seabream, Diplodus puntazzo (Walbaum, 1792), can be fed with up to 34.8% sunflower meal (SFM), with excellent results in growth parameters and feed efficiency. The aim of the current study was to test the replacement of fish meal with SFM in the diet formulation for sharpsnout seabream and to evaluate growth, nutritive parameters, amino acid retention, and body composition of the fish during the fattening period. Materials and methods. Sixteen baskets (300-L capacity), each with thirteen fish, were distributed in a recirculated saltwater system to allow four experimental diets containing 40% crude protein (CP) and 20% crude lipid (CL) with 0%, 11.7%, 23.5%, and 34.8% SFM partially replacing fish meal to be used in quadruplicate for this experiment. The fish were fed these diets ad libitum during the experiment, which lasted for 162 days. Growth, nutrition efficiency, biometrics, carcass composition, amino acid composition, and amino acid retention of the experimental fish were evaluated. Results. There were no statistical differences in the growth parameters among the treatments. However, fish fed a diet containing 34.8% SFM had the lowest feed intake (FI), lowest feed conversion ratio (FCR), and the highest protein efficiency ratio (PER). There were also no statistical differences in the biometric parameters although fish fed the diet containing 10% SFM had the lowest CP levels. Leucine was the only difference in the essential amino acid (EEA) profile with fish fed a diet containing 11.7% SFM having the lowest levels of leucine. Although there were fluctuations among the amino acid retentions, they were not statistically significant. Conclusion. SFM (up to 34.8%) can be included in the diets of sharpsnout seabream, thereby, replacing 27% of the fish meal without altering the fish growth.This research was supported by grants from the Planes Nacionales de Acuicultura (JACUMAR).Nogales Mérida, S.; Jover Cerda, M.; Martínez-Llorens, S.; Tomás Vidal, A. (2011). A study of partial replacement of fish meal with sunflower meal on growth, amino acid retention, and body composition of sharpsnout seabream, Diplodus puntazzo (Actinopterygii: Perciformes: Sparidae). Acta Ichthyologica et Piscatoria. 41(1):47-54. doi:10.3750/AIP2011.41.1.07S475441

Protein and energy requirements for maintenance and growth in juvenile meagre Argyrosomus regius (Asso,1801) (Sciaenidae)

[EN] The meagre is a fish species of recent interest in aquaculture, because of its fast growth and flesh quality. Nevertheless, it hasn't been studied enough, and feed producers do not have enough information about the nutrient requirements to optimize the feed diets of the meagre. This study measures the growth response of this fish to several amounts of food and gives information about the proportion of protein and energy that should be included in its diet, as well as the recommended amount of food to optimize its growth. The meagre is a carnivorous species and might be a suitable candidate species for the diversification of aquaculture in the Mediterranean region. This is based on its high growth and flesh quality. Nevertheless, there is little information available about its growth rates and nutrient requirements. The objective of this study was to determine the protein and energy requirements of juvenile meagre (Argyrosomus regius). Two trials for different weights of 53 and 188 g were conducted with rations from starvation to apparent satiation with the scope of studying its nutritional needs. In the first trial, the initial mean body weight of the fish was 53 g, and they were fed at feeding rates, measured as a percentage of the body weight, of 0, 0.75, 1.5, 2.5, 3.5, and 4.5%, with two replicates per treatment. In a second trial, another group with approximately 188 g of initial body weight was fed at feeding rates of 0, 0.5, 1.5, and 2.5%, with two replicates per treatment. The optimum thermal growth coefficient was obtained with a feed intake of 2.2% day(-1) in trial A and 1.73% day(-1) in trial B. The digestible protein (DP) intake for maintenance was determined as 0.57 g kg(-0.7) day(-1), the DP intake for maximum growth was 6.0 g kg(-0.7) day(-1), and the point for maximum efficiency in protein retention was 1.8 g kg(-0.7) day(-1). The requirement for digestible energy (DE) intake for maintenance was recorded at 25.4 kJ kg(-0.82) day(-1), the DE intake to maximize growth was 365 kJ kg(-0.82) day(-1), and the point for maximum efficiency in energy retention occurs with a digestible energy intake of 93 kJ kg(-0.82) day(-1). The requirements and retention efficiency of protein and energy in Argyrosomus regius tend to be within the range other fish species. The maintenance needs are in agreement with species with low voluntary activity and growth requirements in agreement with fast-growth species.This research was funded by grants from the Planes Nacionales de Acuicultura (JACUMAR) in Spain.Jauralde García, I.; Velazco-Vargas, J.; Tomas-Vidal, A.; Jover Cerda, M.; Martínez-Llorens, S. (2021). Protein and energy requirements for maintenance and growth in juvenile meagre Argyrosomus regius (Asso,1801) (Sciaenidae). 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