Divorce risk factors and their variation over time in Spain

The aim of this article is to analyse the determinants of marriage dissolution in Spain and their variation over time for women married between 1949 and 2006. Data are drawn from the Survey of Fertility, Family and Values of 2006. The article analyses the transition from first marriage to marital dissolution for couples who married in two eras: one prior to the Divorce Law of 1981, during which social and legal barriers to dissolution were many, and one in the period after the law was introduced, during which barriers to marriage dissolution were far fewer. Analyses are conducted using a continuous time event history model. The results indicate some similarities between Spain and other countries, such as the positive relationship between the typical features of unconventional families and marital dissolution, but also some specific differences, such as an increase in the importance of premarital pregnancy and/or not having children. It is also important to stress the declining importance of socio-economic variables, such as education and the labour market situation of women.age heterogamy, children and divorce, divorce, education and divorce, event history analysis, parental divorce, premarital children, premarital cohabitation, premarital pregnancy, separation

Género y clase en la biografía de una científica de élite

A pesar de que la sociología ha demostrado que los condicionamientos sociales, tales como el género o la clase social, son cruciales para explicar la trayectoria vital del individuo, es común la creencia en que la voluntad individual puede superar características sociológicas adversas para la consecución de una posición social aventajada. Las excepciones a la regularidad empírica constituyen ejemplos que refuerzan dicha idea. Gertrudis de la Fuente, pionera en la bioquímica en España, mujer e hija de un obrero, es una de esas excepciones. Su historia de vida sirve para reflexionar sobre la incidencia de los condicionamientos sociales en la «construcción de la vocación» y en la configuración de la trayectoria vital. Finalmente, se plantea el tributo que «las excepciones» han de pagar para lograr de una posición privilegiada en la élite científica desde la perspectiva de género.In spite of the fact that Sociology has proved that social conditionings, such as gender or social class, are crucial in explaining the life patterns of the individual, the belief that he or she can overcome adverse sociological limitations in order to achieve outstanding status is common. Exceptions to the empirical regularity constitute examples that support the aforementioned idea. Gertrudis de la Fuente, pioneer of Biochemistry in Spain, from a working class family, is one of those exceptions. Her life history is useful for reflecting on the incidence of social conditionings on «construction of vocation» and on shape of life patterns

Divorce risk factors and their variation over time in Spain

The aim of this article is to analyse the determinants of marriage dissolution in Spain and their variation over time for women married between 1949 and 2006. Data are drawn from the Survey of Fertility, Family and Values of 2006. The article analyses the transition from first marriage to marital dissolution for couples who married in two eras: one prior to the Divorce Law of 1981, during which social and legal barriers to dissolution were many, and one in the period after the law was introduced, during which barriers to marriage dissolution were far fewer. Analyses are conducted using a continuous time event history model. The results indicate some similarities between Spain and other countries, such as the positive relationship between the typical features of unconventional families and marital dissolution, but also some specific differences, such as an increase in the importance of premarital pregnancy and/or not having children. It is also important to stress the declining importance of socio-economic variables, such as education and the labour market situation of women

La flexibilidad laboral: significados y consecuencias

The objectives of the paper are 1) to analyse the effects of labour flexibility on individuals from a lifecourse perspective and 2) to know whether flexibility has undermined or reinforced the effects of social classes, education and gender on several aspects concerning the life-course, above all those related to employment in Spain. The peculiarity of the Spanish case lies in the proportion of fixed-term contracts. The greatest difference between these contracts and permanent contracts is not the job to be done, or even its temporary or permanent nature, but rather the lower layoff cost. The way that the Welfare State has introduced flexibilisation has achieved a balance of risks between the generations, so that there cannot be said to be clear winners or losers. The data indicate that the effects of flexibilisation on the main changes in the labour market and in demography are much more modest than what the hypotheses predict. Similarly, flexibilisation has not evened out the risks among the different social classes and educational levels, although it has not provoked an increase in inequality, either.Los objetivos del articulo son 1) analizar las consecuencias de la flexibilidad laboral en el curso vital de los individuos, 2) asi como saber si la flexibilidad ha socavado o reforzado la importancia de las clases sociales, de la educacion y del genero en distintos aspectos concernientes al curso vital, sobre todo relacionados con el empleo en Espana. La peculiaridad espanola con respecto a la flexibilidad radica en la alta proporcion de contratos temporales. La mayor diferencia entre estos contratos y los indefinidos es su menor coste de despido. La manera en la que el Estado del Bienestar ha introducido la flexibilidad ha logrado un equilibrio de riesgos entre generaciones, por lo que no puede decirse que haya unos claros ganadores o perdedores. Los datos indican que los efectos de la flexibilizacion sobre el curso vital de los individuos son mucho mas modestos de lo que las hipotesis preven. Asimismo, la flexibilización no ha mermado la importancia de las clases sociales ni de los niveles de estudio para explicar la posición de los individuos en el mercado laboral, aunque tampoco hay una clara evidencia de que las brechas entre los individuos de distintas clases ocupaciones o con distintos niveles de estudio hayan aumentado en Espana

Origen social y paro: ¿importa la ocupación de los padres para evitar el desempleo?

The aim of the paper is to know whether the social origin influences the probability of being unemployed and, secondly, if so, to find out whether that influence remains even controlling for educational attainment. The third objective is to determine whether the influence of social origin varies depending on the level of education. 49 surveys from the Spanish Centre for Sociological Research carried out between 2013 and 2017 have been handled, and a linear probability model has been applied. The results show that there is a clear effect of social origin on unemployment, and that this effect occurs mainly indirectly, through the educational level. However, social origin continues to have an effect even controlling for education among university graduates (non engineerings) and among those with lower secondary or less education.Este artículo plantea tres objetivos. El primero, saber si el origen social influye en la probabilidad de estar parado y, en segundo lugar, en caso de que se sea así, averiguar si esa influencia se mantiene incluso comparando a individuos con el mismo nivel educativo. El tercer objetivo es determinar si el efecto del origen social en el paro varía en cada nivel de estudios. Para ello se han manejado 49 encuestas del CIS llevadas a cabo entre 2013 y 2017, y se ha aplicado un modelo de probabilidad lineal. Los resultados muestran que hay un efecto claro del origen social sobre el paro y que este efecto se produce sobre todo indirectamente, a través del nivel educativo. No obstante, el origen social sigue teniendo un efecto incluso controlando por la educación entre los licenciados o graduados universitarios (no ingenieros) y los que tienen la secundaria inicial o menos

Género y clase en la biografía de una científica de élite

A pesar de que la sociología ha demostrado que los condicionamientos sociales, tales como el género o la clase social, son cruciales para explicar la trayectoria vital del individuo, es común la creencia en que la voluntad individual puede superar características sociológicas adversas para la consecución de una posición social aventajada. Las excepciones a la regularidad empírica constituyen ejemplos que refuerzan dicha idea. Gertrudis de la Fuente, pionera en la bioquímica en España, mujer e hija de un obrero, es una de esas excepciones. Su historia de vida sirve para reflexionar sobre la incidencia de los condicionamientos sociales en la «construcción de la vocación» y en la configuración de la trayectoria vital. Finalmente, se plantea el tributo que «las excepciones» han de pagar para lograr de una posición privilegiada en la élite científica desde la perspectiva de género

Employability of higher education graduates in Spain: crisis and new challenges

This article analyses the employability of university graduates in Spain, in terms of both the quan­tity and quality of employment. Regarding quantity, graduate employment rates are higher than those for people with other education levels. Furthermore, both in times of crisis and of bonanza, graduates are more protected against unemployment. This is fundamentally due to the fact that they work in sectors and occupations that are less exposed to cycles. Regarding the quality of their jobs, graduates are less likely to have fixed-term contracts, although not much less than those who have vocational training or upper secondary education. On the other hand, depending on how it is measured, the proportion of underemployed university graduates is between 26% and 38%. The article also confirms that the salaries of university graduates are higher than of those who have other levels of education; but they have decreased considerably over the last two decades, especially in the last bonanza period.Este artigo analisa a inserção profissional de diplomados universitários em Espanha, considerando tanto a quantidade como a qualidade de emprego. No que respeita à quantidade, as taxas de emprego dos graduados de ensino superior são mais altas do que para pessoas com outros níveis educacionais. Além disso, tanto em tempos de crise como de bonança, os diplomados universi­tários estão mais protegidos contra o desemprego. Tal explica-se, fundamentalmente, pelo facto de estes diplomados trabalharem em setores e ocupações que estão menos dependentes dos ciclos económicos. Relativamente à qualidade dos empregos, os graduados são menos propensos a ter contratos a prazo, ainda que não muito menos do que aqueles que completaram formação profissional ou ensino secundário. Por outro lado, dependendo de como é medida, a proporção de graduados universitários subempregados situa-se entre 26 % e 38 %. A análise também confirma que os salários dos graduados universitários estão acima dos que auferem os diplomados que têm outros níveis de estudo, mas reduziram-se consideravelmente nas últimas duas décadas, sobretudo no último período de bonança

La influencia de la actividad física de los padres en la participación deportiva. ¿Cómo afecta a la desigualdad de clase social?

Este artículo explora cómo la actividad deportiva de los padres modera el efecto de la clase social en la participación deportiva de los individuos. A partir de las cuatro Encuestas de Hábitos Deportivos en España realizadas por el CIS, los resultados confirman que pertenecer a una clase social más alta y tener padres físicamente activos (tanto en el presente como en el pasado) aumenta la probabilidad de hacer deporte. Sin embargo, los análisis revelan que el efecto positivo de tener padres que practican deporte en la actualidad es, en igualdad de condiciones, más fuerte para las clases sociales que no están en la parte superior de la estructura social. Estos hallazgos muestran el efecto igualador de tener padres activos, de tal modo que las diferencias entre la clase profesional y el resto desaparecen, o incluso se invierten, cuando se trata de practicar deporte al menos tres veces por semana

Caring fathers in Europe: Toward universal caregiver families?

Increasingly, men are challenging the assumption that care is a feminine task and are involving themselves in childcare and the care of dependent adults. However, this does not necessarily have consequences for their work, as they very rarely make costly adaptations in their working lives. In this study, we propose a definition of a man in care (MIC) as a working father who, in order to meet care needs, has adapted his working life in a way that potentially entails a financial penalty. We analyze the prevalence of men in care among men living with children below the age of 15 across the EU-27 plus Iceland, Norway, Switzerland, and the UK using recent representative data (the European Labour Survey and its 2018 ad hoc module on work-life balance). We find that although the number of men engaging in costly work adaptations is still very low when compared to their female counterparts, the characteristics of these men can be clearly outlined: they have a non-manual occupation (managers excluded), they have temporary contracts or are self-employed, they are partnered to women who hold jobs of 40 or more hours a week and have a high educational attainment, and they work in family-friendly companies. Also, at the context level, the prevalence of MIC is clearly related to gender equality and values. However, we do not find evidence of any country having reached the universal caregiver model proposed by Nancy Fraser, including those with more advanced gender and welfare regimes

CyberAula 2.0: Integration of Moodle with videoconferencing and lecture recording services.

This paper describes the CyberAula 2.0 project which presents an integrated solution for videoconferencing and lecture recording as a mechanism to support subjects which need to be promoted or discontinued within the framework of the European convergence process. Our solution is made up of a web portal, a videoconferencing tool and an economical and easily transportable hardware kit. Recording sessions can be exported to SCORM and LOM compliant files which can be imported by an LMS. The validation process is currently being carried out in five scenarios at our university that use Moodle as a way to deliver content to students