Point of View the Power of Policy: Premise and Product

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(4S,5S)-2,2-Dimethyl-4,5-bis­(3-methyl-2-thioxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-imidazol-1-yl­meth­yl)-1,3-dioxolane

In the chiral title compound, C15H22N4O2S2, there are two mol­ecules in the asymmetric unit with distinctly different conformations, as quanti­fied by torsion angles. The dihedral angles between the thio­imidazole rings are 81.59 (5) and 67.04 (4)°. One mol­ecule exhibits local twofold rotation symmetry, while the other displays no local symmetry. Inter­molecular C—H⋯O and C—H⋯S inter­actions are observed

Messenger RNA coding for only the alpha subunit of the rat brain Na channel is sufficient for expression of functional channels in Xenopus oocytes

Several cDNA clones coding for the high molecular weight (alpha) subunit of the voltage-sensitive Na channel have been selected by immunoscreening a rat brain cDNA library constructed in the expression vector lambda gt11. As will be reported elsewhere, the amino acid sequence translated from the DNA sequence shows considerable homology to that reported for the Electrophorus electricus electroplax Na channel. Several of the cDNA inserts hybridized with a low-abundance 9-kilobase RNA species from rat brain, muscle, and heart. Sucrose-gradient fractionation of rat brain poly(A) RNA yielded a high molecular weight fraction containing this mRNA, which resulted in functional Na channels when injected into oocytes. This fraction contained undetectable amounts of low molecular weight RNA. The high molecular weight Na channel RNA was selected from rat brain poly(A) RNA by hybridization to a single-strand antisense cDNA clone. Translation of this RNA in Xenopus oocytes resulted in the appearance of tetrodotoxin-sensitive voltage-sensitive Na channels in the oocyte membrane. These results demonstrate that mRNA encoding the alpha subunit of the rat brain Na channel, in the absence of any beta-subunit mRNA, is sufficient for translation to give functional channels in oocytes

EVERYTHING COUNTS: Building a Control Regime for Nonstrategic Nuclear Warheads in Europe

Before the Russian invasion of Ukraine, the Biden administration insisted in arms control talks with Russia that a follow-on agreement to the New Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (New START) should cover all nuclear weapons and that such an agreement should focus on the nuclear warheads themselves. This would represent a significant change from previous agreements, which focused on delivery vehicles, such as missiles. The United States has been particularly interested in potential limits on nonstrategic nuclear warheads (NSNW). Such weapons have never been subject to an arms control agreement. Because Russia possesses an advantage in the number of such weapons, the US Senate has insisted that negotiators include them in a future agreement, making their inclusion necessary if such an accord is to win Senate approval and ultimately be ratified by Washington. In the wake of Russian nuclear threats in the Ukraine conflict, such demands can only be expected to grow if and when US and Russian negotiators return to the negotiating table

Growth and Feeding Studies on the Algal Feeding Stage of a Pfiesteria-like Dinoflagellate

The dinoflagellate Cryptoperidiniopsis sp. was isolated from sediment samples taken from Virginia estuaries, and established in culture for subsequent growth and feeding studies. The maximum abundance, or yield, of Cryptoperidiniopsis is exponentially related to the concentration of algal prey and is saturated at about 4.00 X 105 mL-1. Salinity from 10-20 ppt and temperature between 15-25 C have no effect on the yield of this form of Cryptoperidiniopsis. Light intensity has a secondary effect in that the algal prey reproduces more quickly in higher light as they are being grazed. Growth rates of Cryptoperidiniopsis were highest with a cryptophyte, Cryptomonas, as food, but growth was also demonstrated utilizing both diatoms and chlorophytes. Cryptoperidiniopsis sp. is similar to Pfiesteria in that it feeds myzocytotically with a peduncle, is similar in size and shape, has a complex life cycle, and is distinguished only by plates hidden under membranes