CHANDRA Observations of X-ray Jet Structure on kpc to Mpc Scales

With its exquisite spatial resolution of better than 0.5 arcsecond, the Chandra observatory is uniquely capable of resolving and studying the spatial structure of extragalactic X-ray jets on scales of a few to a few hundred kilo-parsec. Our analyses of four recent Chandra images of quasar jets interpret the X-ray emission as inverse Compton scattering of high energy electrons on the cosmic microwave background. We infer that these jets are in bulk relativistic motion, carrying kinetic powers upwards of 10^46 ergs/s to distances of hundreds of kpc, with very high efficiency.Comment: 4 pages, 3 figures, to be published in the proceedings of the Bologna jet workshop, "The Physics of Relativistic Jets in the CHANDRA and XMM Era.

AFRICAN INDIGENOUS AND TRADITIONAL VEGETABLES IN TANZANIA: PRODUCTION, POST-HARVEST MANAGEMENT AND MARKETING

Indigenous and traditional African vegetables (AITVs) are important sources of nutrition for sub-Saharan Africans (SSA), especially the low-income and food insecure. The U.S. Agency for International Development directed Horticulture Collaborative Research Support Program, now named the Horticulture Innovation Lab, builds international partnerships for fruit and vegetable research to improve livelihoods in developing countries. For this Programme a study was carried out to provide baseline information on AITVs in Tanzania and to determine research needs. A questionnaire-based survey was conducted in four regions of Tanzania with a total of 160 sellers and producers of AITVs, with attention to post-harvest management. Key concerns were demographics, i.e. who is growing, transporting, and selling AITVs, AITV identities and quantities, production, harvest, transport, wholesale and retail patterns, processing, and surplus. Common AITVs are greens of amaranths, nightshade, cowpea, cucurbits, Ipomea , cassava tree, spider flower and Ethiopian mustard; plus African eggplant and okra fruits. Ninety six percent of sellers and 71% of producers were female. Most AITVs are sold in roofed open markets, secondarily on streets by mobile or semi-mobile sellers. Amaranth was the number one seller for 83% of sellers. Issues covered were: (i) cultural practices, AITV plot size, seed sources, irrigation and pesticide use; (ii) post-harvest: harvest to market storage and transport times and modes, grading, packaging and bundling, and washing; and (iii) marketing: retail markup, price variation by season, year and region, average daily sales; cell phone use, retail space size and cost, retailer storage, remainders, processing and less common AITVs. OLS regression was done to elucidate factors affecting sales volume and regional differences. Post-harvest losses of AITVs do not appear to be significant as the value chain participants demonstrate an acute knowledge of consumer demand and daily market dynamics.Les l\ue9gumes indig\ue8nes et traditionnelles africaines (AITVs) constituent une source importante de nutrition pour l\u2019Afrique sub-saharienne, sp\ue9cialement \ue0 bas revenus et \ue0 ins\ue9curit\ue9 alimentaire. Le programme de soutien \ue0 la recherche collaborative de l\u2019agence internationale am\ue9ricaine pour le d\ue9veloppement, aussi appel\ue9 \u2018Horticulture Innovation Lab\u2019 institue des partenariats internationaux pour la recherche sur les fruits et les l\ue9gumes pour am\ue9liorer les conditions de vie dans les pays en voie de d\ue9veloppement. Une \ue9tude \ue9tait conduite afin d\u2019\ue9tablir une information de base sur AITVs en Tanzanie et d\ue9terminer les besoins en recherche. Une enqu\ueate \ue9tait conduite dans quatre r\ue9gions de la Tanzanie avec un total de 160 vendeurs et producteurs de AITVs, avec attention \ue0 la gestion post-r\ue9colte. La question la plus importante concernait la d\ue9mographie, par exemple, qui cro\ueet, transporte et vend AITV, identit\ue9s et quantit\ue9s de l\u2019AITV, production, r\ue9colte, transport, grossistes et d\ue9taillants, transformation et surplus. Les AITVs usuels sont des amarantes, morelles, pois cajan, cucurbites, Ipomea , manioc, cl\ue9ome et moutarde \ue9thiopienne. A ceci s\u2019ajoute les aubergines africaines et les fruits d\u2019Okra. Quatre vingt seize pour cent des vendeurs et 71% des producteurs \ue9taient des femmes. La plupart d\u2019AITVs sont vendus dans des march\ue9s t\uf4l\ue9s ouverts sur les rues par des vendeurs mobiles ou semi-mobiles. Les amarantes \ue9taient les plus vendues (83%). Les probl\ue8mes rencontr\ue9s \ue9taient: (i) pratiques culturales, la taille des parcelles sous AITV, sources des semences, utilisation des pesticides et de l\u2019irrigation; (ii) post-r\ue9colte: de la r\ue9colte au magasin du march\ue9 et temps et mode de transport, cat\ue9gorisation, emballage et empaquetage, et le lavage, et (iii) promotion sur le march\ue9: fixation des prix des d\ue9tails, variation des prix par saison, ann\ue9e et r\ue9gion, ventes moyennes journali\ue8res, utilisation des t\ue9l\ue9phone cellulaires, la taille et le co\ufbt de l\u2019espace pour vente des produits, le magasin des petits vendeurs, les produits restants apr\ue8s vente, la transformation et les AITVs les moins communs. La r\ue9gression d\u2019OLS \ue9tait faite apr\ue8s vente pour \ue9lucider les facteurs qui affectent le volume des ventes et les diff\ue9rences r\ue9gionales. Des pertes post-r\ue9coltes d\u2019AITVs ne paraissent pas \ueatre significatives \ue9tant donn\ue9 que les participants dans la chaine des valeurs font montre d\u2019une connaissance suffisante sur la demande du consommateur et les dynamiques quotidiennes du march\ue9

The first decade of web-based sports injury surveillance: Descriptive epidemiology of injuries in United States high school football (2005-2006 through 2013-2014) and National collegiate athletic association football (2004-2005 through 2013-2014)

Context: The advent of Web-based sports injury surveillance via programs such as the High School Reporting Information Online system and the National Collegiate Athletic Association Injury Surveillance Program has aided the acquisition of football injury data. Objective: To describe the epidemiology of injuries sustained in high school football in the 2005-2006 through 2013-2014 academic years and collegiate football in the 2004-2005 through 2013-2014 academic years using Web-based sports injury surveillance. Design: Descriptive epidemiology study. Setting: Online injury surveillance from football teams of high school boys (annual average ¼ 100) and collegiate men (annual average ¼ 43). Patients or Other Participants: Football players who participated in practices and competitions during the 2005-2006 through 2013-2014 academic years in high school or the 2004-2005 through 2013-2014 academic years in college. Main Outcome Measure(s): Athletic trainers collected time-loss injury (24 hours) and exposure data. Injury rates per 1000 athlete-exposures (AEs), injury rate ratios (IRRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs), and injury proportions by body site and diagnosis were calculated. Results: The High School Reporting Information Online system documented 18 189 time-loss injuries during 4 539 636 AEs; the National Collegiate Athletic Association Injury Surveillance Program documented 22 766 time-loss injuries during 3 121 476 AEs. The injury rate was higher among collegiate than high school (7.29 versus 4.01/1000 AEs; IRR ¼ 1.82; 95% CI ¼ 1.79, 1.86) athletes. Most injuries occurred during competitions in high school (53.2%) and practices in college (60.9%). The competition injury rate was higher than the practice injury rate among both high school (IRR ¼ 5.62; 95% CI ¼ 5.46, 5.78) and collegiate (IRR ¼ 6.59; 95% CI ¼ 6.41, 6.76) players. Most injuries at both levels affected the lower extremity and the shoulder/clavicle and were diagnosed as ligament sprains and muscle/tendon strains. However, concussion was a common injury during competitions among most positions. Conclusions: Injury rates were higher in college than in high school and higher for competitions than for practices. Concussion was a frequent injury sustained during competitions, which confirms the need to develop interventions to mitigate its incidence and severity

The first decade of web-based sports injury surveillance: Descriptive epidemiology of injuries in US high school boys' ice hockey (2008-2009 through 2013-2014) and National Collegiate Athletic Association men's and women's ice hockey (2004-2005 through 2013-2014)

Context: Web-based sports injury surveillance via programs such as the High School Reporting Information Online system and the National Collegiate Athletic Association Injury Surveillance Program has aided efforts to collect data on ice hockey injuries. Objective: To describe the epidemiology of injuries sustained in high school boy's ice hockey in the 2008-2009 through 2013-2014 academic years and collegiate men's and women's ice hockey in the 2004-2005 through 2013-2014 academic years using Web-based surveillance. Design: Descriptive epidemiology study. Setting: Online injury surveillance of ice hockey teams of high school boys (annual average ¼ 34), collegiate men (annual average ¼ 20), and collegiate women (annual average ¼ 11). Patients or Other Participants: Boys', men's, and women's ice hockey players who participated in practices and competitions during the 2008-2009 through 2013-2014 high school academic years or the 2004-2005 through 2013-2014 collegiate academic years. Main Outcome Measure(s): Athletic trainers collected time-loss (24 hours) injury and exposure data. We calculated injury rates per 1000 athlete-exposures (AEs), injury rate ratios (IRRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs), and injury proportions by body site and diagnosis. Results: The High School Reporting Information Online system documented 831 boys' ice hockey time-loss injuries during 356 997 AEs; the National Collegiate Athletic Association Injury Surveillance Program documented 2611 men's ice hockey time-loss injuries during 552 642 AEs and 752 women's ice hockey injuries during 232 051 AEs. Injury rates were higher in collegiate men than in high school boys during 2008-2009 through 2013-2014 (4.38 versus 2.33/1000 AEs; IRR ¼ 1.88; 95% CI ¼ 1.73, 2.05) and collegiate women during 2004-2005 through 2013-2014 (IRR ¼ 1.46; 95% CI ¼ 1.34, 1.58). Most injuries occurred during competitions (boys ¼ 80.0%, men ¼ 66.9%, women ¼ 55.3%); injury rates were higher in competitions than in practices for boys (IRR ¼ 8.14; 95% CI ¼ 6.87, 9.65), men (IRR ¼ 6.58; 95% CI ¼ 6.06, 7.13), and women (IRR ¼ 3.63; 95% CI ¼ 3.14, 4.19). At all levels, most injuries occurred to the head/face and shoulder/clavicle and resulted in concussions, contusions, or ligament sprains. Conclusions: Injury rates varied across sports but were consistently higher in competitions than in practices. In competitions, concussions were common injuries, highlighting the need for continued development of injury-prevention strategies

The first decade of web-based sports injury surveillance: Descriptive epidemiology of injuries in US high school boys' wrestling (2005-2006 through 2013-2014) and National Collegiate Athletic Association Men's Wrestling (2004-2005 through 2013-2014)

Context: The advent of Web-based sports injury surveillance via programs such as the High School Reporting Information Online system and the National Collegiate Athletic Association Injury Surveillance Program has aided the acquisition of wrestling injury data. Objective: To describe the epidemiology of injuries sustained in high school boys' wrestling in the 2005-2006 through 2013-2014 academic years and collegiate men's wrestling in the 2004-2005 through 2013-2014 academic years using Web-based sports injury surveillance. Design: Descriptive epidemiology study. Setting: Online injury surveillance from wrestling teams of high school boys (annual average ¼ 100) and collegiate men (annual average ¼ 11). Patients or Other Participants: Male wrestlers who participated in practices and competitions during the 2005-2006 through 2013-2014 academic years in high school or the 2004-2005 through 2013-2014 academic years in college. Main Outcome Measure(s): Athletic trainers collected time-loss (24 hours) injuries and exposure data during this time period. Injury rates per 1000 athlete-exposures (AEs), injury rate ratios with 95% confidence intervals, and injury proportions by body site and diagnosis were calculated. Results: The High School Reporting Information Online documented 3376 time-loss injuries during 1 416 314 AEs; the National Collegiate Athletic Association Injury Surveillance Program documented 2387 time-loss injuries during 257 297 AEs. The total injury rate was higher in college than in high school (9.28 versus 2.38/1000 AEs; injury rate ratio ¼ 3.89; 95% confidence interval ¼ 3.69, 4.10). In high school, the most commonly injured body parts for both practices and competitions were the head/face (practices ¼ 19.9%, competitions ¼ 21.4%) and shoulder/clavicle (practices ¼ 14.1%, competitions ¼ 21.0%). In college, the most frequently injured body parts for both practices and competitions were the knee (practices ¼ 16.7%, competitions ¼ 30.4%) and head/face (practices ¼ 12.1%, competitions ¼ 14.6%). Conclusions: Injury rates were higher in collegiate than in high school players, and the types of injuries sustained most often differed. Based on these results, continued study of primary and secondary prevention of injury in wrestlers across levels of competition is warranted

The first decade of web-based sports injury surveillance: Descriptive epidemiology of injuries in US high school girls’ basketball (2005–2006 through 2013–2014) and National Collegiate Athletic Association women’s basketball (2004–2005 through 2013–2014)

Context: The advent of Web-based sports injury surveillance via programs such as the High School Reporting Information Online system and the National Collegiate Athletic Association Injury Surveillance Program has aided the acquisition of girls’ and women’s basketball injury data. Objective: To describe the epidemiology of injuries sustained in high school girls’ basketball in the 2005–2006 through 2013–2014 academic years and collegiate women’s basketball in the 2004–2005 through 2013–2014 academic years using Web-based sports injury surveillance. Design: Descriptive epidemiology study. Setting: Online injury surveillance from basketball teams in high school girls (annual average ¼ 100) and collegiate women (annual average ¼ 57). Patients or Other Participants: Girls’ and women’s basketball players who participated in practices and competitions during the 2005–2006 through 2013–2014 academic years in high school or the 2004–2005 through 2013–2014 academic years in college. Main Outcome Measure(s): Certified athletic trainers collected time-loss (24 hours) injury and exposure data. Injury rates per 1000 athlete-exposures (AEs) were calculated. Injury rate ratios (IRRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to compare injury rates by school size or division, time in season, event type, and competition level. Results: The High School Reporting Information Online system documented 2930 time-loss injuries during 1 609 733 AEs; the National Collegiate Athletic Association Injury Surveillance Program documented 3887 time-loss injuries during 783 600 AEs. The injury rate was higher in college than in high school (4.96 versus 1.82/1000 AEs; IRR ¼ 2.73; 95% CI ¼ 2.60, 2.86). The injury rate was higher in competitions than in practices for both high school (IRR ¼ 3.03; 95% CI ¼ 2.82, 3.26) and collegiate (IRR ¼ 1.99; 95% CI ¼ 1.86, 2.12) players. The most common injuries at both levels were ligament sprains, concussions, and muscle/tendon strains; the majority of injuries affected the ankle, knee, and head/face. These injuries were often caused by contact with another player or a noncontact mechanism. Conclusions: Injury rates were higher in collegiate than in high school athletes and in competitions than in practices. Similarities in distributions of injuries by body parts, specific diagnoses, and mechanisms of injury suggest that both levels may benefit from similar injury-prevention strategies