Phonological And Semantic False Memories Across Memory Systems

This study aimed to compare false memories in short and long-term tests for semantic and phonological lists. The purpose of this study was to replicate our previous results with shorter lists in the short-term memory condition. Both the past and current study used 36 DeeseRoediger-McDermott (DRM, Roediger & McDermott, 1995) lists for the creation of simple false memories. The lists varied in their association to a nonstudied critical lure item: There were 18 semantic and 18 phonological lists. The first study used 6-item DRM lists, whereas the current study used 4-item DRM lists to ensure list length did not exceed working memory capacity. Both studies included recognition tests at short (less than 1 second delay) and long (after all lists had been presented) delays. In the short-term condition, lists were presented one at a time followed by an immediate one-item recognition test. In the LTM condition, after all lists were presented, there was a 1-minute break before a recognition test that tested all lists. The current study replicated the results of the first study, with almost identical mean proportions of false alarms. Results showed a dissociation in false alarm rates, such that in short-term tests there were more false alarms in phonological than sematic lists, whereas in long-term tests there were more false alarms for semantic than phonological lists. Successfully replicating the findings of the previous 6-item study, with the current 4-item study suggests that the results were not due to exceeding working memory capacity. At the short-term, phonological coding appears to drive errors and increases false alarms for phonological lists compared to semantic lists. After a delay the effect reverses, and semantically driven errors increase. Overall, the results suggest distinct processes are involved in the production of false memories in STM compared to LTM.https://ir.library.illinoisstate.edu/urs2021psych/1016/thumbnail.jp

Alien Registration- Marsh, Elizabeth (Baldwin, Cumberland County)

https://digitalmaine.com/alien_docs/32892/thumbnail.jp

Towards One World: A Journey Through the English Essays of Rabindranath Tagore

Tagore is viewed through the medium of five books of essays which he wrote in English. Most of the essays are the texts of lectures Tagore delivered to audiences in England and America. They are important because they constitute what Tagore actually communicated to audiences and readers in the West during his tours outside India. The five books are taken chronologically in the chapters of this thesis, each one being a stage on Tagore’s journey. They are read in conjunction with information about his activities in India prior to each particular tour, his encounters during the trip, and any relevant correspondence, in order better to understand the ideas he expresses. A key finding from close study of the essays is the extent to which Tagore draws on his understanding of the evolution and special capabilities of the human species. This philosophical anthropology, or ‘deep anthropology’, is used to describe what mankind ought to be, as well as what we are. Tagore was critical of what he considered the dehumanising economic systems of the West, which were supported by educational methods that focussed narrowly on training people to participate in such systems. The ideal behind the design of Tagore’s own practical projects was a modernised and less restrictive form of traditional society, comprising networks of self sustaining villages or small communities, where children and young people are encouraged to develop their natural curiosity and creativity, and to express themselves freely with body and mind. Tagore’s approach to education and rural reconstruction, if implemented widely as he intended, could lead to a radical redesign of society, a turning of the world upside down. The aim of my dissertation is to help encourage a wider appreciation of Tagore’s pioneering work in this field

Morphometric analysis of ears in two families of pinnipeds

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution August 2001Pinniped (seal and sea lion) auditory systems operate in two acoustically distinct environments, air and water. Piniped species differ in how much time they typically spend in water. They therefore offer an exceptional opportunity to investigate aquatic versus terrestrial hearing mechanisms. The Otariidae (sea lions and fur seals) generally divide their time evenly between land and water and have several adaptations; e.g. external pinnae, related to this lifestyle. Phocidae (true seals) spend the majority of their time in water; they lack external pinnae and have well developed ear canal valves. Differences in hearing ranges and sensitivities have been reported recently for members of both of these familes (Kastak, D., Schusterman, RJ., 1998. Low frequency amphibious hearing in pinnipeds. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 1303,2216- 2228.; Moore, P.W.B., Schusterman, RJ., 1987. Audiometric assessment of northern fur seals, Callorhinus ursinus. Mar. Mamm. Sci. 3,31-53.). In this project, the ear anatomy of three species of pinnipeds: an otariid, the California sea lion (Zalophus californianus), and two phocids, the northern elephant seal (Mirounga angustirostris) and the harbor seal (Phoca vitulina), was examined using computerized tomography (CT scans) and gross dissection. Thee-dimensional reconstructions of the heads and ears from CT data were used to determine interaural dimensions and ossicular chain morphometrics. Ossicular weights and densities were measured conventionally. Results strongly support a canalcentric system for pinniped sound reception and localization. Further, true seals show adaptations for aquatic high frequency specialization.I was supported by an NDSEG fellowship from ONR

Effects Of Attention At Encoding And Retrieval On Short And Long-Term False Memories For Emotional Stimuli

The proposed study will examine the effects of attention at encoding and retrieval on short- and long-term false memory for emotional stimuli using the Desse–Roediger–McDermott (DRM, Roediger & McDermott, 1995) paradigm. DRM research has shown that there are differences in false memory for stimuli that are emotionally valenced and that emotional information is often better recalled than neutral information. Prior research has also shown different effects of attention on emotional stimuli and suggests that negatively valenced stimuli are processed differently than positive and neutral stimuli. In the present study, this phenomenon is further investigated across two experiments; attention is manipulated at encoding (Experiment 1) and at retrieval (Experiment 2). Attention will be manipulated with a concurrent number memory task. Both experiments will use the same emotionally valenced DRM word lists from Zhang et al. (2017): 4 positive, 4 negative, and 4 neutral, with immediate and delayed recognition tests. The results of this study will allow us to draw conclusions about the effects of attention at encoding and retrieval across the two experiments. The results are expected to provide additional support for previous findings on attention’s role in false memories for emotionally valenced stimuli, while adding to our knowledge by comparing the effects of attention on false memories at both short and long-term with a modified short-term procedure. The study will also us to draw conclusions about the differences in the processing of emotional compared to neutral stimuli.https://ir.library.illinoisstate.edu/urs2021psych/1017/thumbnail.jp

WHY DO WE PRECRASTINATE? THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PRECRASTINATION AND COGNITIVE OFFLOADING

Precrastination can be defined as completing a task earlier than necessary despite incurring extra cost. This can refer to people who need to respond to emails or texts right away or people who need to wash the dishes as soon as they are done being used. The cognitive-load-reduction (CLEAR) hypothesis (VonderHaar et al., 2019) suggests precrastination is a form of cognitive offloading; completing a task early instead of having to remember to complete the task preserves cognitive resources for other tasks. The current study aims to examine if precrastination and cognitive offloading are directly related as a test of this hypothesis. This study will utilize an alphabetizing task where the participants will be asked to put a list of words in alphabetical order. The participants will also have to verify sets of math problems by determining which ones are correct or incorrect. The participants will have the option to choose when they want to complete the math task (before, during, or after the alphabetizing task). Precrastination is measured in this task based on when the participant chooses to verify the math problems relative to the alphabetizing task – verifying the math problems before starting the alphabetizing task or early within this task shows precrastination of math verification. For the second part of the experiment, participants complete the same two tasks. However, for the alphabetizing task participants are given a specific category of objects to list at the end no matter what letter they start with (e.g., animals). Participants will complete trials with reminders, trials without reminders, and then trials where they have the option to use or not use reminders. Results are expected to show a significant relationship between precrastination and cognitive offloading, such that those who rely on cognitive offloading will precrastinate more. The current study is expected to further support the CLEAR hypothesis and help us better understand why some people precrastinate