1,033 research outputs found
Ostwald ripening in Two Dimensions: Correlations and Scaling Beyond Mean Field
We present a systematic quasi-mean field model of the Ostwald ripening
process in two dimensions. Our approach yields a set of dynamic equations for
the temporal evolution of the minority phase droplets' radii. The equations
contain only pairwise interactions between the droplets; these interactions are
evaluated in a mean- field type manner. We proceed to solve numerically the
dynamic equations for systems of tens of thousands of interacting droplets. The
numerical results are compared with the experimental data obtained by
Krichevsky and Stavans for the relatively large volume fraction . We
found good agreement with experiment even for various correlation functions.Comment: 29 pages, RevTex, 5 eps figure
Lifshitz-Slyozov Scaling For Late-Stage Coarsening With An Order-Parameter-Dependent Mobility
The coarsening dynamics of the Cahn-Hilliard equation with order-parameter
dependent mobility, , is addressed at
zero temperature in the Lifshitz-Slyozov limit where the minority phase
occupies a vanishingly small volume fraction. Despite the absence of bulk
diffusion for , the mean domain size is found to grow as , due to subdiffusive transport of the order parameter
through the majority phase. The domain-size distribution is determined
explicitly for the physically relevant case .Comment: 4 pages, Revtex, no figure
How important is on-site adequacy assessment for thyroid FNA? An evaluation of 883 cases
Immediate adequacy assessment (IADA) during fine-needle aspiration (FNA) is not universal and the optimal numberof passes has not been well determined. The aim of this study was to evaluate the nondiagnostic rates (NDR) with and without the IADA forthyroid aspirates. Subsequent cytological and surgical follow-upwere reviewed for nondiagnostic cases. In addition, we evaluated the numberof passes performed in each FNA to determine the optimal number. Retrospective analysis of NDR was performed on 883 thyroid FNA specimens retrievedthrough a Computer SNOMED Search from our files between January 2001 toDecember 2003. For FNAs with IADA, one Diff-Quick and one fixedsmear for each pass were prepared, and the needle was rinsed in CytoLytsolution for a ThinPrep and/or a cell-block. FNAs without IADAwere received in CytoLyt solution, from which a ThinPrep and a cell-block were prepared for each case. Of the total 883 cases, 443 wereperformed with IADA, of which 417 cases were diagnostic. The remaining440 cases were performed without IADA, of which 300 cases were diagnostic.NDR for IADA was 5.9% (26 cases-group-I)compared to 31.8% (140 cases-group-II)without IADA. In group-I, 5 cases were followed-upby repeat FNA, 10 cases by surgical resection, and 11 cases received notissue follow-up. In group-II, 23 cases were followed-up by repeat FNA, 36 by surgical resection, and 82 cases received notissue follow-up. Interestingly, follow-up in group-Idid not reveal any missed malignancy, while that in group-II resultedin a malignant diagnosis in 13.8% (8 cases). We alsofound that the optimal number of passes with least NDR was 4–6 passes.NDR was 25% for < 3 passes, 11% for 4 passes, 5.2% for 5 passes, 1.4% for 6 passes, and 2.5% for 7 passesor more. IADA significantly reduces the NDR and increases the sample adequacy for diagnosis. Optimal number of passes is 4–6 passes, and additionalpasses did not improve the diagnostic rate. Our study also emphasizesthe significance of repeat FNA or histological follow-up for nondiagnostic cases, especially for those without IADA. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2007;35:183–186. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/55982/1/20552_ftp.pd
Ultrasonic study of the gelation of gelatin: phase diagram, hysteresis and kinetics
We map the ultrasonic (8 MHz) speed and attenuation of edible-grade gelatin
in water, exploring the key dependencies on temperature, concentration and
time. The ultrasonic signatures of the sol-gel transition, confirmed by
rheological measurements, and incomplete gel formation at low concentrations,
enable a phase diagram of the system to be constructed. Sensitivity is also
demonstrated to the kinetics of gel formation and melting, and associated
hysteresis effects upon cyclic temperature sweeps. Furthermore, simple acoustic
models of the sol and gel state enable estimation of the speed of sound and
compressibility of gelatin. Our results demonstrate the potential of ultrasonic
measurements to characterise the structure and visco-elasticity of gelatin
hydrogels.Comment: 15 pages, 8 figure
Geometry and symmetry presculpt the free-energy landscape of proteins
We present a simple physical model which demonstrates that the native state
folds of proteins can emerge on the basis of considerations of geometry and
symmetry. We show that the inherent anisotropy of a chain molecule, the
geometrical and energetic constraints placed by the hydrogen bonds and sterics,
and hydrophobicity are sufficient to yield a free energy landscape with broad
minima even for a homopolymer. These minima correspond to marginally compact
structures comprising the menu of folds that proteins choose from to house
their native-states in. Our results provide a general framework for
understanding the common characteristics of globular proteins.Comment: 23 pages, 5 figure
The heat released during catalytic turnover enhances the diffusion of an enzyme
Recent studies have shown that the diffusivity of enzymes increases in a substrate-dependent manner during catalysis,. Although this observation has been reported and characterized for several different systems–, the precise origin of this phenomenon is unknown. Calorimetric methods are often used to determine enthalpies from enzyme-catalysed reactions and can therefore provide important insight into their reaction mechanisms,. The ensemble averages involved in traditional bulk calorimetry cannot probe the transient effects that the energy exchanged in a reaction may have on the catalyst. Here we obtain single-molecule fluorescence correlation spectroscopy data and analyse them within the framework of a stochastic theory to demonstrate a mechanistic link between the enhanced diffusion of a single enzyme molecule and the heat released in the reaction. We propose that the heat released during catalysis generates an asymmetric pressure wave that results in a differential stress at the protein–solvent interface that transiently displaces the centre-of-mass of the enzyme (chemoacoustic effect). This novel perspective on how enzymes respond to the energy released during catalysis suggests a possible effect of the heat of reaction on the structural integrity and internal degrees of freedom of the enzyme
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