Fitoextração de cádmio e zinco de um latossolo vermelho-amarelo contaminado com metais pesados Phytoextraction of cadmium and zinc from an oxisol contaminated with heavy metals

Avaliou-se a capacidade das plantas de mamona, girassol, pimenta da amazônia e tabaco, cultivadas em vasos de 3 L, em casa de vegetação, em extrair metais de um Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo distrófico. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso, esquema fatorial 4 espécies x 3 doses de metais x 2 doses de EDTA (Ácido Etilenodiaminotetraacético), com três repetições. As doses empregadas de metais, aplicadas na forma de sais inorgânicos foram, em mg kg-1: dose zero - sem adição de metal; dose 1 - adição conjunta de 0,75 de Cd, 6,25 de Pb, 20,0 de Cu, 8,75 de Ni e 62,5 de Zn e; dose 2 - adição conjunta de 1,5 de Cd, 12,5 de Pb, 40,0 de Cu, 17,5 de Ni e 125,0 de Zn, na presença (1 mmol kg-1) e ausência de EDTA. A colheita da parte aérea das quatro espécies de plantas variou de 48 dias (pimenta) até 100 dias (tabaco). A aplicação do EDTA diminuiu a produção de matéria seca da parte aérea de todas as plantas, embora tenha provocado aumento na concentração de Cd na parte aérea da mamoneira e do girassol e nenhuma influência na concentração de Cd (pimenta e tabaco) e na de Zn em todas as espécies. Concluiu-se que a planta mais eficiente em extrair o Cd e o Zn do solo enriquecido com metais foi o tabaco (Nicotiana tabacum) e que para descontaminar o solo, será necessário um maior número de cultivos para todas as culturas, com exceção da mamoneira, se houver a aplicação de EDTA na dose de 1 mmol kg-1.<br>In a greenhouse experiment, the ability of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.), castor bean (Ricinus communis L.), tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.), and Amazon pepper (Capsicum baccatum L.) to extract Cd and Zn from an oxisol contaminated with heavy metals was evaluated. The experiment was carried out in a complete ramdomized block design in a factorial scheme consisted of 4 species x 3 rates of metals x 2 rates of EDTA, with 3 replicates and using plastic pots with 3 L capacity. Heavy metals were applied to the soil, as inorganic salts, at rates, in mg kg-1: dose 0: control (no metals added); dose 1: - combined application of 0.75 of Cd; 6.25 of Pb; 20.0 of Cu; 8.75 of Ni and 62.5 of Zn; and dose 2 - combined application of 1.5 of Cd; 12.5 of Pb; 40.0 of Cu; 17.5 of Ni and 125,0 of Zn, with and without EDTA addition of 1 mmol kg-1. Plant tops were harvested from 48 to 100 days after sowing or seedlings transplant to the pots. EDTA addition decreased dry matter yield of all species, although it contributed to the increase of shoot Cd concentration on castor bean and sunflower plants, and had no effect on Zn shoot concentration for all species under investigation. Tobbaco was the most efficient specie in extracting Zn and Cd from the contaminated soil. A great number of sunflower, Amazon pepper and tobacco cropping will be necessary for soil decontamination, if it receives the addition of EDTA at rate of 1 mmol kg-1

Metais pesados em solos de área de mineração e metalurgia de chumbo: I - Fitoextração Heavy metals in soils of a lead mining and metallurgy area: I - Phytoextraction

A fitoextração tem sido sugerida como alternativa viável às práticas tradicionais de recuperação de solos contaminados por metais pesados (remoção do solo e destinação em aterros ou coprocessamento em cimento, etc.), em razão dos menores custos e por ser menos impactante ao ambiente. Este trabalho objetivou avaliar a fitoextração induzida (uso de ácido cítrico como agente quelante) de metais pesados, com o cultivo de aveia-preta (Avena strigosa Schreber), girassol (Helianthus annuus L.) e grama-batatais (Paspalum notatum Flügge), em solos poluídos (solos 2, 3 e 4) de uma área de mineração de Pb em Adrianópolis (PR). O solo 1 foi amostrado em área de mata nativa (referência). O experimento foi realizado em casa de vegetação, com três repetições. Foram determinados os teores de Pb, Cd, Cu, Ni, Cr e Zn no solo com HNO3/HCl (3:1) concentrados. Após a colheita das plantas, determinaram-se a massa de matéria seca e os teores de metais pesados nas raízes e parte aérea (digestão nítrico-perclórica). Os solos contaminados (2, 3 e 4) apresentaram as seguintes faixas de teores de metais pesados (mg kg-1): Pb - 2.598,5 a 9.678,2; Cd - 1,9 a 22,2; Cu - 165,5 a 969,2; Ni - 22,6 a 38,4; Cr - 15,2 a 27,8; e Zn - 87,4 a 894,8. A adição de quelante não induziu a uma absorção mais efetiva de metais pesados pelas plantas. O solo 2 possibilitou melhor crescimento das plantas, e o girassol deve ser preferido na fitorremediação das áreas sob as mesmas condições. Na área próxima à planta fabril (solo 3) e nas áreas com grande ocorrência de rejeitos (solo 4), a fitoextração não foi eficiente. Nesses ambientes, recomenda-se o estudo de outras plantas nativas e, ou, exóticas resistentes a altos teores de Pb (solo 3) ou a remobilização de solo mais rejeito para aterros industriais (solo 4).<br>Phytoextraction has been suggested as a viable alternative to traditional restoration practices for heavy metal-contaminated soils (e.g., soil removal and disposal in land fill areas, or co-processing in cement), in view of the lower costs and lower environmental impact. This study had the objective of evaluating induced phytoextraction (use of chelating agent) of heavy metals in black oat (Avena strigosa Schreber), sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) and Bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Flügge) in polluted soils (soils 2, 3, and 4) of a Pb mining and processing area in Adrianópolis (PR), Brazil. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse, with three replications. The soil Pb and Zn contents were determined using concentrated HNO3/HCl (3:1). After harvest, the dry biomass and heavy metal contents in the root and shoot parts were determined by nitro-perchloric digestion. The following values of heavy metal content were found in the contaminated soils (2, 3 and 4) (mg kg-1): Pb - 2,598.5 to 9,678.2; Cd - 1.9 to 22.2; Cu - 165.5 to 969.2; Ni - 22.6 to 38.4; Cr - 15.2 to 27.8 and Zn - 87.4 to 894.8. Chelate addition did not induce heavy metal uptake by the plants. Plant development in soil 2 was better and sunflower should be preferred for phytoremediation in areas under similar conditions. In the area surrounding the industrial plant (soil 3) and in the areas with high waste disposal (soil 4), phytoextraction was not efficient. In these environments other native plants and/or exotic Pb-resistant plants should be tested (soil 3) as well as the remobilization of soil with residues to industrial landfills

Ecophysiological and anatomical changes due to uptake and accumulation of heavy metal in Brachiaria decumbens

The growth and developmental characteristics of grasses and their high biodiversity make such plants suitable for remediation of areas contaminated by heavy metals. Nevertheless, heavy metal toxic effect on the plants may cause alteration in their metabolic pathways, such as photosynthesis, respiration, and growth, modifying plant anatomy. This work aimed to evaluate the effect of levels of soil contamination (0, 7.5 % and 15 % m³ m-3) on biomass production, on photosynthetic characteristics and on anatomical changes in roots and leaves of brachiaria (Brachiaria decumbens Stapf.). After seeds were planted, seedlings were uprooted and replanted in vases containing soil at different contamination levels, being left to rest for 120 days. At the end of that time, plants presented reduced yield of root and shoot dry matter, contents of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll and potential photosynthesis with increased of soil contamination. The cell layers of endodermis and exodermis in the root tissues and the cell walls of the xylem and cortical parenchyma all thickened as contamination increased. In the leaf tissues, the adaxial and abaxial epidermis presented increased thickness while the leaf blade presented reduced thickness as contamination increased with consequent change in the root growth rate. In general, the effects of heavy metal increased with the metal concentration. Some results indicate that B. decumbens seems to have some degree of heavy metal tolerance