Efeito das condições de secagem e armazenamento sobre a qualidade do café natural e despolpado

The objective of the work was to evaluate alterations in the quality of natural and washed coffee under different drying conditions (coffee drying yard, temperature of 40ºC and 60ºC) and storage conditions at 60% of relative humidity, with controlled temperature of 23ºC, at 90 and 180 days. The work was carried out in the Engineering Department and in the Coffee Post-Harvest Technology Pole of the Federal University of Lavras. The manual harvest of the coffee (Coffea arabica L.), Topázio variety, was selective. Part of the coffee was pulped and the other part was processed in the natural form. A portion of each type of coffee was submitted to drying on the yard and two other samples were processed in a mechanical dryer, at temperatures of 40ºC and 60ºC. After drying, the coffee was stored in an air-tight room, in which a stable relative humidity of 60% was maintained with a solution of magnesium nitrate. Quality evaluation, sensorial analyses, electric conductivity and potassium leaching tests, total titrable acidity, fatty acidity and total and reducing sugars determinations were carried out. The results showed that the coffee dried at 60ºC, after 90 days storage, presented the poorest quality. The physical-chemical evaluations of the drying and storage conditions showed that washed coffee presents better quality when compared to the product in its natural form.Objetivou-se com o presente trabalho avaliar as alterações na qualidade dos cafés natural e despolpado nas condições de secagem (terreiro, temperatura de 40ºC e 60ºC) e armazenamento de 60% de umidade relativa com temperatura controlada de 23ºC, aos 90 e 180 dias. O trabalho foi realizado no Departamento de Engenharia e no Pólo de Tecnologia em Pós-Colheita do Café da Universidade Federal de Lavras. A colheita manual do café (Coffea arabica L), variedade Topázio, foi seletiva. Parte do café foi despolpado e outra parte, processada de forma natural. Uma parcela de cada tipo de café foi submetida à secagem em terreiro e as outras duas, às temperaturas de 40ºC e 60ºC em secador mecânico. Depois da secagem, o café foi armazenado em ambiente hermético, mantendo-se constante a umidade relativa de 60%, com solução de nitrato de magnésio. Para avaliação da qualidade, foram realizados análise sensorial, testes de condutividade elétrica e lixiviação de potássio, determinações de acidez titulável total, acidez graxa, açúcares totais e redutores. Pelos resultados obtidos, conclui-se que os cafés submetidos à secagem com temperatura de 60ºC e armazenados a partir de 90 dias apresentaram as piores características de qualidade; as avaliações físico-químicas para as condições de secagem e armazenamento mostram que o café despolpado apresentou melhor qualidade, quando comparado com o produto na sua forma natural

Physiological quality and sanitary, dormancy and enzymatic activity of rice seeds stored in different environments

O arroz (Oryza sativa L.) é um dos cereais mais produzidos e consumidos no mundo e sua semente, insumo fundamental para a produção de uma lavoura, pode ter a qualidade afetada pelas condições de armazenamento. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a dormência, qualidade fisiológica, sanidade e atividade enzimática de sementes de cultivares de arroz durante o armazenamento em diferentes ambientes. Os experimentos foram conduzidos no Laboratório de Análise de Sementes do Departamento de Fitotecnia e no Laboratório de Enzimologia, Proteínas e Peptídeos (BIOAGRO) da Universidade Federal de Viçosa - UFV. As sementes foram produzidas pela Empresa de Pesquisa Agropecuária de Minas Gerais (EPAMIG), em Lambari-MG. Após a colheita, as sementes de cinco cultivares de arroz (BRSMG Seleta, BRS Ourominas, BRSMG Curinga, BRSMG Relâmpago e BRSMG Caravera) foram secadas ao sol, até atingirem teor de água em torno de 13%. Em seguida foram acondicionadas em embalagem de papel e armazenadas em quatro ambientes: 5±2 °C/70±5% UR, 12±2 °C/70±5% UR, 18±2 °C/65±5% UR e em condição não controlada de temperatura e umidade relativa (laboratório). A qualidade fisiológica, sanidade e atividade enzimática foram avaliadas no início e aos 3, 6, 9 e 12 meses de armazenamento. A qualidade fisiológica foi avaliada pelos testes de germinação, primeira contagem de germinação, condutividade elétrica, envelhecimento acelerado, emergência em areia e índice de velocidade de emergência. Foram determinadas as atividades das enzimas catalase, ascorbato peroxidase e α amilase apenas para as sementes das cultivares Ourominas e Caravera. O experimento foi realizado no esquema de parcelas subsubdivididas no delineamento inteiramente casualizado com três repetições. O fator ambiente foi aplicado nas parcelas, cultivares nas subparcelas e tempo de armazenamento nas subsubparcelas. A dormência das sementes armazenadas em ambiente de laboratório foi superada em menor tempo que das sementes armazenadas em câmara fria. Apenas as sementes das cultivares Seleta e Ourominas, independente do ambiente, mantiveram a germinação acima do mínimo exigido para comercialização até os seis meses de armazenamento. Sementes armazenadas em ambiente de laboratório apresentaram qualidade fisiológica inferior. Os principais fungos detectados nas sementes das cultivares de arroz nos diferentes ambientes foram: Fusarium spp., Bipolaris sp., Phoma sp. e Gerlachia sp., e os fungos de armazenamento Aspergillus spp. e Penicillium sp. Os fungos de armazenamento foram detectados aos 3 meses, sofrendo acréscimos durante o armazenamento. Houve aumento da atividade da catalase e ascorbato peroxidase durante o armazenamento e a atividade da α-amilase foi maior no início e aos três meses de armazenamento. As enzimas catalase e ascorbato peroxidase apresentaram potencial como indicadoras da qualidade fisiológica de sementes de arroz.Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is one of the most cereals produced and consumed in the world and its seed, fundamental input to produce a crop, can have the quality affected by storage conditions. The objective of this study was to evaluate dormancy, physiological quality, health and enzymatic activity of seeds of rice cultivars during storage in different environments. The experiments were conducted in the Seed Analysis Laboratory of the Crop Science Departament and in the Laboratory of Enzymology, Protein and Peptides (BIOAGRO) in the Federal University of Viçosa - UFV. Seeds were produced by the Agricultural Research Company in Minas Gerais (EPAMIG), in Lambari-MG. After harvesting, the seeds of five rice cultivars (BRSMG Seleta, BRS Ourominas, BRSMG Curinga, BRSMG Relâmpago and BRSMG Caravera) were dried in the sun, to reach moisture content at around 13%. Then, they were packed in paper and stored in four environments: 5 ± 2 °C / 70 ± 5 % RH, 12 ± 2 °C / 70 ± 5 % RH, 18 ± 2 °C / 65 ± 5 % RH and in uncontrolled condition of temperature and relative humidity (laboratory). Physiological quality, health and enzymatic activity were evaluated at the beginning and at 3, 6, 9 and 12 months of storage. Physiological quality was evaluated by germination test, first germination counting, electrical conductivity, accelerated aging, sand emergence and emergence velocity index. The activities of catalase, ascorbate peroxidase and α-amilase, only in seeds Ourominas and Caravera cultivars were determined. The experiment was conducted in split split plots in a completely randomized design with three replications. Environmental factor was applied in the plots, cultivars in the subplots and storage time in subsubplots. The dormancy of seeds stored in the laboratory environment was exceeded in a shorter time than the dormancy of seeds stored in cold. Only seeds from Seleta and Ourominas cultivars, regardless the environment, maintained germination above the minimum required for commercialization until six months of storage. Seeds stored in the laboratory environment showed low physiological quality. The main fungi detected in seeds of rice in the different environments were: Fusarium spp., Bipolaris sp., Phoma sp. and Gerlachia sp., and storage fungi Aspergillus spp. and Penicillium sp. Storage fungi appeared in 3 months and increased during storage period. Catalase and ascorbate peroxidase activity increased during storage period and α-amilase activity were higher in the beginning and at 3 months of storage. Enzymes catalase and ascorbate peroxidase can be used as an indicator of physiological quality of rice seeds.Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológic

Eficácia do teste de acidez graxa na avaliação da qualidade do café Arábica (Coffea arabica L.) submetido a diferente períodos e temperaturas de secagem

This work had the aim of evaluating the effect of different temperatures and pre-drying periods on yard on the chemical composition and quality of the beverage of peeled cherry coffee. Temperatures of 40 degrees C, 50 degrees C and 60 degrees C were used in the mass with air flow of 20m(3)m(-1)m(2). After drying, the visible defects of the coffee samples were removed. For evaluation of quality, the following analyses were performed: sensorial analyses, total sugars, reducing sugars and non-reducing sugars, electrical conductivity, potassium leaching and fatty acidity. One verified that lower drying temperature and greater pre-drying period had contributed for the attainment of a better quality drink. The increase of temperature and pre-drying periods decreased the non-reducing sugars content while the values of reducing sugars increased. The electrical conductivity, potassium leaching and fatty acidity increased significantly with the rise of temperature and potassium leaching reduced with increasing of the pre-drying period. The fatty acidity test showed to be sensible to the drying temperature

Seed quality of rice cultivars stored in different environments

The objective of this study was to evaluate dormancy and physiological quality of seeds of rice cultivars during storage in different environments. After harvesting, the seeds of three rice cultivars (Seleta, Curinga and Relâmpago) were dried in the sun, to reach moisture content at around 13%. Then, they were packed in paper and stored in four environments: 5 ± 2 ºC / 70 ± 5% RH, 12 ± 2 ºC / 70 ± 5% RH, 18 ± 2 ºC / 65 ± 5% RH and in uncontrolled condition of temperature and relative humidity (natural). Physiological quality was evaluated at the beginning and at 3, 6, 9 and 12 months of storage by germination test, electrical conductivity, accelerated aging and sand emergence. The experiment was conducted in split plots in a completely randomized design with three replications. Environmental factor was applied in the plots, cultivars in the subplots and storage period in subplots. Cultivar Seleta showed higher dormancy, which was surpassed during storage regardless of environment conservation. In general, seeds stored in natural environment showed lower physiological quality. Only the seeds of cultivar Seleta, regardless of the environment, maintained germination above the minimum required for commercialization until six months of storage

Seed quality of rice cultivars stored in different environments

The objective of this study was to evaluate dormancy and physiological quality of seeds of rice cultivars during storage in different environments. After harvesting, the seeds of three rice cultivars (Seleta, Curinga and Relâmpago) were dried in the sun, to reach moisture content at around 13%. Then, they were packed in paper and stored in four environments: 5 ± 2 ºC / 70 ± 5% RH, 12 ± 2 ºC / 70 ± 5% RH, 18 ± 2 ºC / 65 ± 5% RH and in uncontrolled condition of temperature and relative humidity (natural). Physiological quality was evaluated at the beginning and at 3, 6, 9 and 12 months of storage by germination test, electrical conductivity, accelerated aging and sand emergence. The experiment was conducted in split plots in a completely randomized design with three replications. Environmental factor was applied in the plots, cultivars in the subplots and storage period in subplots. Cultivar Seleta showed higher dormancy, which was surpassed during storage regardless of environment conservation. In general, seeds stored in natural environment showed lower physiological quality. Only the seeds of cultivar Seleta, regardless of the environment, maintained germination above the minimum required for commercialization until six months of storage

Dormancy and enzymatic activity of rice cultivars seeds stored in different environments

The objective of this study was to assess the dormancy and the enzymatic activity of seeds of rice cultivars during storage in different environments. After harvesting, the seeds of two rice cultivars (BRS Ourominas and BRSMG Caravera) were dried in the sun, to reach a moisture content around 13%. Then, they were packed in paper and stored in four environments: 5 ± 2 ºC / 70 ± 5% RH, 12 ± 2 ºC / 70 ± 5% RH, 18 ± 2 ºC / 65 ± 5% RH and in a natural condition. Germination and enzymatic activity were assessed at the beginning and at 3, 6, 9 and 12 months of storage. The experiment was conducted in split subplots in a completely randomized design with three replications. The dormancy of seeds stored in the natural environment was exceeded in a shorter time than the dormancy of seeds stored in cold. Catalase and ascorbate peroxidase activity increased during the storage period, the most obviously in storage in natural environment to cultivate BRSMG Caravera. The activity of the enzyme α-amylase decreased during the storage period

The Compared Efficiency of the Traditional Method, Radiography without Contrast and Radiography with Contrast in the Determination of Infestation by Weevil (Sitophilus zeamais) in Maize Seeds

Technologies that increase safety and efficiency, while facilitating and streamlining the work of seed analysts, are increasingly required by the seed industry. X-ray image analysis is a technique that has been used in the analysis of grain and seeds because it is fast, accurate and non-destructive. The traditional method to verify the presence of insect damage in seeds involves manual cutting of the seeds, which endangers the safety of the analyst and is time-consuming and repetitive work that leads to visual fatigue. The objective of this study was to compared the efficiency of radiographic analysis with and without contrast in the determination of infestation by Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), at different stages of development, in maize seeds, compared to the traditional method required by seed legislation, which consists of cutting and visual evaluation. Seeds were evaluated regarding the presence of eggs/oviposition signs, larvae, pupae, adult insects, insect damage in five infestation periods (5, 18, 33 and 35 days after infestation), while evaluating the total number of seeds infested, comparing the three methods. For characterization of the oviposition stage, the use of contrast was best at all times of infestation. For the larval stage, there was no difference between the evaluation methods; however, at 18 days, larger infestations were observed by the traditional method. At 5 days, the identification of pupae was better by the traditional method and radiography without contrast, while for the identification of adult insects the best method was the use of radiography without contrast. The characterization of the level of infestation with maize weevil damage was best verified using contrast radiography. Radiographic analysis is efficient in the detection of damage caused by S. zeamais in maize seeds. This method of radiographic analysis (with or without contrast) is thus an auxiliary tool to assess the damage and presence of S. zeamais in maize seeds