Biotransformation Of Citronellol In Rose-oxide Using Cassava Wastewater As A Medium

The use of liquid cassava waste (manipueira) as the medium for the biotransformation of citronellol using a Penicillium sp strain was studied. The strain was able to grow in the waste and production of cellular mass reaching 25 g/L over three days of contact of the spores with the medium. Submerged cultures of Penicillium sp grown in manipueira were able to convert the substrate into cis- and trans-rose oxides when the cells were transferred into a mineral medium for the biotransformation experiments. The production of rose oxide increased by more than 2.4 times using this 2 media process as compared to processes using only a manipueira medium (cassava medium). Auto-oxidation products were not detected in the control experiments.263690696Abraham, B., Onken, J.G., Berger, R.G., Strategies toward an efficient biotechnology of aromas (1997) Proceedings of the 5th Wartburg Aroma Symposium, pp. 357-373. , Eisenach, Eigenverlag Universität Potsdam(1995) Official Method of Analysis - The Association of Official Analytical Chemists, 16th Ed., , AOAC. VirginiaBabu, K.G.D., Singh, B., Joshi, V.P., Singh, V., Essential oil composition of Damask rose (Rosa damascena Mill.) distilled under different pressures and temperatures (2002) Flav. Fragr. J., 17 (2), pp. 136-140(1995) Aroma Biotechnology, , BERGER, R. G. (Ed.). Berlin-Heidelberg: Springer-VerlagBoersma, Y.L., Scheltinga, P.C., Dröge, M.J., Bos, R., Quax, W.J., A validated gas chromatographic method for the evaluation of enzymatic enantioselectivity in kinetic resolution applications (2005) J. Sep. Sci, 28 (6), pp. 501-505Brunerie, P., Benda, I., Bock, G., Schreier, P., Bioconversion of citronellol by Botrytis cinerea (1987) Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 27 (1), pp. 6-10Cameotra, S.S., Makkar, R.S., Synthesis of biosurfactants in extreme conditions (1998) Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 50, pp. 520-529Damasceno, S., Cereda, M.P., Pastore, G.M., Desenvolvimento de Geotrichum fragrans em manipueira (1999) Energia Na Agricultura, 14 (2), pp. 7-14Daniels, L., Hanson, R., Phyllips, J.A., Chemical analysis (1994) Methods for General and Molecular Bacteriology, pp. 518-519. , GERHARDT, P.MURRAY, RGE.WOOD, W.A.KRIEG, N.R (Ed.) American Society for Microbilogy. Washington DCDemyttenaere, J.C.R., Vanoverschelde, J., De Kimpe, N., Biotransformation of (R)-(+)- and (S)-(-)-citronellol by Aspergillus sp. and Penicillium sp. and the use of solid phase microextraction for screening (2004) J. Chromatogr. A, 1027 (1-2), pp. 137-146Duetz, W.A., Bouwmeester, H., Van Beilen, J.B., Witholt, B., Biotransformation of limonene by bacteria, fungi, yeasts, and plants (2003) Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 61 (4), pp. 269-327Gravel, D., Bordeleau, J., Photochemical Rearrangement of 2-Phenylthio-1,3-cyclohexanediols to Deoxysugars. Application to a Stereospecific Synthesis of (+)-cis-Rose Oxide (1998) Tetrahed. Let., 39 (44), pp. 8035-8038Griffin, S., Wyllie, S.G., Markham, J., Determination of octanol-water partition coefficient for terpenoids using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (1999) J. Chromatogr. A, 864 (2), pp. 221-228Kaminska, J., Markowicz, L., Stolowska, J., Gòra, J., Biotransformation of citronellol by means of horseradish peroxidase (1989) Enz. Microbiol. Technol., 11 (7), pp. 436-438Kumar, K.V., Umar, M., Singh, A.P., Brij, L., Raj, N.H., Virendra, S., Patent number: WO03080777, Publication date: 2003-10-02, Application number: WO2002IB01205 20020325Kuiate, J.R., Bessière, J.M., Zollo, P.H.A., Composition of the essential oils from three Laggera Spp from Cameroon (2002) Flav. Fragr. J., 17 (2), pp. 105-108Leonel, M., Cereda, M.P., Citric acid production by Aspergillus niger from "Manipueira", a manioc liquid residue (1995) Scient. Agric., 52 (2), pp. 299-304Nelson, N., A photometric adaptation of the Somogy method for determination of glucose (1945) Biochem., 153 (1), pp. 375-380Nitschke, M., Pastore, G.M., Cassava Flour Wastewater as a Substrate for Biosurfactant Production (2003) Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol., 106, pp. 295-302Onken, J., Berger, R.G., Biotransformation of citronellol by the basidiomycete Cystoderma carcharias in an aerated-membrane bioreactor (1999) Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 51 (2), pp. 158-163Onken, J., Berger, R.G., Effects of R-(α)-limonene on submerged cultures of the terpene transforming basidiomycete Pleurotus sapidus (1999) J. Biotechnol., 69 (2-3), pp. 163-168Schrader, J., Berger, R.G., Biotechnological Production of Terpenoid Flavor and fragrance compounds (2001) Biotechnology, pp. 384-388. , REHM, H. J., REED, G. (2nd Ed), Weinheim: Wiley-VHC, Chap. 3Serra, S., Fuganti, C., Brenna, E., Biocatalytic preparation of natural flavours and fragrances (2005) Trends Biotechnol., 23 (4), pp. 193-198Sikkema, J., De Bont, J.A.M., Poolmann, B., Interactions of Cyclic Hydrocarbons with Biological Membranes (1994) J. Biol. Chem., 269 (11), pp. 8022-8026Somogy, M.A., A new reagent for determination of sugar (1944) J. Biol. Chem., 160 (1), pp. 61-68Tan, Q., Day, D.F., Bioconversion of limonene to α-terpineol by immobilized Penicillium digitatum (1998) Appl. Microbiol. 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Conjugated Linoleic Acid Supplementation: Lipid Content And Hepatic Histology In Healthy Wistar Rats [suplementação Com ácido Linoleico Conjugado: Conteúdo De Lípides E Histologia Hepática De Ratos Wistar Saudáveis]

This work aimed to evaluate the effects of the consumption of two commercial conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) mixtures on lipid content and liver histology of healthy rats. The investigation was carried out using thirty rats divided into three groups: C (control), AE (AdvantEdge®CLA), and CO (CLA One®). The concentration of CLA was 2% of feed consumption, and the animals were supplemented daily for 42 days. The total lipid content of the liver was determined, and the histology of the organ was examined by Transmission Electronic Microscopy. The results of total liver lipid contents did not exhibit significant differences between the groups. With regard to hepatic histology, it was observed that although fat globules were visibly present in higher numbers and bigger size in the CLA groups, the organ histology was considered normal since both cytoplasm and organelles showed integrity. It was concluded that even though liver microscopic images indicated the presence of fat globules in the liver, from a statistical point of view, the supplementation for 42 days did not bring about lipid accumulation, nor did it alter hepatic histology.311141146Adams, L.A., Angulo, P., Lindor, K.D., Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (2005) Canadian Medical Association Journal, 172 (7), pp. 899-905Akbiyik, F., Ligand-induced expression of peroxissome proliferators activated receptor α and activation of fatty oxidation enzymes in fatty liver (2004) European Journal of Clinical Investigation, 34 (6), pp. 429-435Akyüz, F., What is the best indicator for evaluating treatment response in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: Histology or aminotransferase levels? (2005) Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 20 (1), pp. 167-168Basu, S., Smedman, A., Vesby, B., Conjugated linoleic acid induces lipid peroxidation in humans (2000) FEBS Letters, 468 (1), pp. 33-36Belury, M.A., Conjugated linoleic acid is na activator and ligand for peroxissome proliferator-activated receptor-gama (PPARγ) (2002) Nutrition Research, 22 (7), pp. 817-824Belury, M.A., Kempa-Steczko, A., Conjugated linoleic acid modulates hepatic lipid composition in mice (1997) Lipids, 32 (2), pp. 199-204Bligh, E.G., Dyer, W.J., A rapid method of total lipid extration and purification (1959) Canadian Journal of Biochemistry and Physiology, 37 (8), pp. 911-917Brown, J.M., McIntosh, M.K., Conjugated linoleic acid in humans: Regulation of adiposity and insulin sensitivity (2003) Journal of Nutrition, 133 (10), pp. 3041-3046Brunt, E.M., Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: Definition and pathology (2001) Seminars in Liver Disease, 21 (1), pp. 3-16Cherian, G., Dietary CLA alters yolk and tissue FA composition and hepatic histopathology of laying hens (2002) Lipids, 37 (8), pp. 751-757Cherian, G., Goeger, M.P., Hepatic lipid characteristics and histopathology of laying hens fed CLA or n-3 fatty acids (2004) Lipids, 39 (1), pp. 31-36Chituri, S., Farel, G.C., Etiopathogenesis of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (2001) Seminars in Liver Disease, 21 (1), pp. 27-41Choi, J.S., Song, J., Conjugated linoleic acid, obesity, and insulin resistance: Waiting for the day of liberation from chronic disease (2005) Nutrition, 21 (11), pp. 1170-1172Clement, L., Dietary trans-10, cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid induces hyperinsulinemia and fatty liver in the mouse (2002) Journal Lipid Research, 43 (9), pp. 1400-1409Elitsur, Y., Treatment for NASH: The value of histology (2005) Journal Gastroenterology: A Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology, 100 (1), pp. 250-251Goena, M., Effect of the raw legume Vicia ervilha on muscle and liver protein metabolism in growing rats (1989) Revista Española de Fisiologia, 45 (SUPPL.), pp. 55-60Granlund, L., Trans10, cis12-conjugated linoleic acid prevents triacylglycerol accumulation in adipocytes by acting as a PPARγ modulator (2003) Journal of Lipid Research, 44 (8), pp. 1441-1452Haddad, A., (1998) Técnicas básicas de microscopia eletrônica aplicadas às ciências biológicas, , Rio de Janeiro: Sociedade Brasileira de MicroscopiaHoek, B.V., Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A brief review (2004) Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology, 39 (SUPPL.), pp. 56-59Kang, K., Trans-10, cis-12 CLA inhibits differentiation of 3T3-L1 adipocytes and decreases PPARγ expression (2003) Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 303 (3), pp. 795-799Lavine, J.E., Vitamin E treatment of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in children: A pilot study (2000) Journal of Pediatrics, 136 (6), pp. 734-738Ludwig, J., Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Mayo Clinic experience with a hitherto unnamed disease (1980) Mayo Clinic Procedings, 55 (7), pp. 434-438McArulla, M.T., Effects of conjugated linoleic acid on liver composition and fatty acid oxidation are isomer-dependent in hamster (2005) Nutrition, 21 (4), pp. 512-519Moya-Camarena, S.Y., Conjugated linoleic acid is a potent naturally occurring ligand and activator of PPARα (1999) Journal Lipid Research, 40 (8), pp. 1426-1433Oustrowska, E., Milk conjugated linoleic and trans-vaccenic acids are highest in Spring in grazing cows (2004) Asian Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 13 (SUPPL.), pp. S53Pariza, M.W., Effects of temperature and time on mutagen formation in pan-fried hamburger (1979) Cancer Letter, 7 (2-3), p. 63Pariza, M.W., Hargraves, W.A., A beef-derived mutagenesis modulator inhibits initiation of mouse epidermal tumors by 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (1985) Carcinogenesis, 6 (4), p. 591Parodi, P.W., Conjugated octadecadienoic acids of milk fat (1977) Journal of Dairy Science, 60 (10), pp. 1550-1553Reeves, P.G., Nielsen, F.H., Fahey Jr., G.C., AIN-93 Purified diets for laboratory rodents: Final report of the American Institute of Nutrition Ad Hoc Writing Committee on the Reformulation of the AIN-76A rodent diet (1993) Journal of Nutrition, 123 (11), pp. 1939-1951Risérus, U., Effects of cis-9, trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid supplementation on insulin sensitivity, lipid peroxidation, and proinflamatory markers in obese men (2004) American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 80 (2), pp. 279-283Salas-Salvadó, J., Marquez-Sandoval, F., Bulló, M., Conjugated linoleic acid intake in humans: A systematic review focusing on its effects on body composition, glucose, and lipid metabolism (2006) Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutritio, 46 (6), pp. 479-488Santos-Zago, L.F., Botelho, A.P., Oliveira, A.C., Supplementation with commercial mixtures of conjugated linoleic acid in association with vitamin E and the process of lipid autoxidation in rats (2007) Lipids, 42 (9), pp. 845-854Sato, S., Ultrastructural and morphometric studies of normal rat hepatocytes (2004) Journal of Submicroscopic Cytology and Pathology, 36 (2), pp. 131-140Sehat, N., Identification of conjugated linoleic acid isomers in cheese by gas chromatography, silver ion high performance liquid chromatography and mass spectral reconstructed ion profiles. Comparison of chromatographic elution sequences (1998) Lipids, 33 (10), pp. 963-971(2003) Institute Project for Windows: User's guide: Statistics, , STATISTICAL ANALYSIS SYSTEM-SAS, Version 8.0. Cary: USA instVidela, L.A., Oxidative stress-related parameters in the liver of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease patients (2004) Clinical Science, 106 (3), pp. 261-268Yamasaki, M., Effect of Dietary Conjugated Linoleic Acid on Lipid Peroxidation and Histological Change in Rat Liver Tissues (2000) Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry, 48 (12), pp. 6367-637

Carotenoids: Properties, Applications And Biotransformation In Flavor Compounds [carotenóides: Propriedades, Aplicações E Biotransformação Para Formação De Compostos De Aroma]

Carotenoids are widely distributed in nature, providing yellow, orange or red color in a great number of vegetables, microorganisms and in some animals. Carotenoids act as biological antioxidants and seem to play an important role in human health by protecting cells and tissues from the damaging effects of free radicals and singlet oxygen. Several authors describe the oxidative cleavage of carotenoids in flavor compounds as occuring through chemical or photochemical degradations or through biotechnological processes. Biotransformation of carotenoids seems to be a reasonable alternative to produce flavor compounds since these compounds are considered 'natural' ingredients. In this work we describe the properties of some carotenoids, as well as biotechnological approaches to obtain its oxyfunctionalized derivatives.303616622Fraser, P.D., Bramley, P.M., (2004) Prog. Lipid Res, 43, p. 228Astorg, P., (1997) Trends Food Sci. Technol, 8, p. 406Su, Q., Rowley, K.G., Balazs, N.D.H., (2002) J. Chromatogr., B: Anal. Technol. Biomed. Life Sci, 781, p. 393Wintherhalter, P.Rouseff, R. Em Carotenoid-Derived Aroma CompoundsWintherhalter, P.Rouseff, R., eds.American Chemical Society: Washington D. C., 2002, cap. 1Maldonado-Robledo, G., Rodriguez-Bustamante, E., Sanchez-Contreras, A., Rodriguez-Sonoja, R., Sanchez, S., (2003) Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol, 62, p. 484Delgado-Vargas, F., Jiménez, A.R., Paredes-Lópes, O., (2000) Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr, 40, p. 173Rodrigues-Amaya, D.A Guide to Carotenoid Analysis in Foods, OMNI Research: ILSI Press: Washington D. C. 1999Olivier, J., Palou, A., (2000) J. Chromatogr., A, 881, p. 543Agarwal, S., Rao, A.V., (1998) Lipids, 33, p. 981Edge, R., McGarvey, D.J., Truscott, T.G., (1997) J. Photochem. Photobiol., B, 41, p. 189http://www.leffingwell.com/caroten.htm, acessada em Setembro 2005Mohamed, N., Hashim, R., Rahman, N.A., Zain, S.M., (2001) J. Mol. Struct.: Theochem, 538, p. 245Weeks, W. W. Em Biogeneration of AromasParliament, T. H.Croteau, R., eds.American Chemical Society: Washington D. C., 1986, cap. 12Demyttenaere, J., Kimpe, N., (2001) J. Mol. Catal. B: Enzym, 11, p. 265Serra, S., Fuganti, C., Brenna, E., (2005) Trends Biotechnol, 23, p. 193Chatterjee, T., Bhattacharyya, D.K., (2001) Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol, 55, p. 541Nornier, M.-F., de Gaulejac, N.V., Vivas, N., Vitry, C., (2004) C. R. Chim, 7, p. 689Ravichandran, R., (2002) Food Chem, 78, p. 23Bosser, A., Belin, J.M., (1994) Biotechnol. Prog, 10, p. 129Gloria, M.B., Grulke, E.A., Gray, J.I., (1993) Food Chem, 46, p. 401Waché, Y., Bosser-DeRatuld, A., Ly, H.M., Belin, J.-M., (2002) J. Mol. Catal. B: Enzym, 19-20, p. 197Puglisi, C.J., Elsey, G.M., Prager, R.H., Skouroumounis, G.K., Sefton, M.A., (2001) Tetrahedron Lett, 42, p. 6937Lewinsohn, E., Situt, Y., Bar, E., Azulay, Y., Ibdah, M., Meir, A., Yosef, E., Tadmor, Y., (2005) Food Sci. Tecnhol, 16, p. 407Sànchez-Contreras, A., Jimenez, M., Sanches, S., (2000) Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol, 54, p. 528Zorn, H., Langhoff, S., Scheibner, M., Berger, R.G., (2003) Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol, 62, p. 331Grivel, F., Larroche, C., Gros, J.B., (1999) Biotechnol. Prog, 15, p. 697Urlacher, V.B., Makhsumkhanov, A., Schmid, R.D., (2006) Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol, 70, p. 53Marasco, S.-D., (2003) Appl. Biotechnol. Food Sci. Policy, 1, p. 145Balderman, S., Naim, M., Fleishmann, P., (2005) Food Res. Int, 38, p. 833Giuliano, G., Al-Babili, S., von Lintig, J., (2003) Trends Plant Sci, 8, p. 145Fleischmann, P., Watanabe, N., Wintherhalter, P., (2003) Phytochemistry, 63, p. 131Zorn, H., Langhoff, S., Scheibner, M., Nimtz, M., Berger, R.G., (2003) Biol. Chem, 384, p. 1049Wu, Z., Robinson, D.S., Hughes, R.K., Casey, R., Hardy, D., West, S.I., (1999) J. Agric. Food Chem, 47, p. 4899Schwartz, S.H., Qin, X., Zeevaart, J.A.D., (2001) J. Biol. Chem, 276, p. 2520

Are Skeletally Mature Female Rats A Suitable Model To Study Osteoporosis? [ratas Esqueleticamente Maduras São Um Modelo Satisfatório Para Estudar Osteoporose?]

Objective: To analyze if female Wistar rats at 56 weeks of age are a suitable model to study osteoporosis. Materials and methods: Female rats with 6 and 36 weeks of age (n = 8 per group) were kept over a 20-week period and fed a diet for mature rodents complete in terms of Ca, phosphorous, and vitamin D. Excised femurs were measured for bone mass using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, morphometry, and biomechanical properties. The following serum mar kers of bone metabolism were analyzed: parathyroid hormone (PTH), osteocalcin (OC), osteoprotegerin (OPG), receptor activator of nuclear factor κappa B ligand (RANKL), C-terminal peptides of type I collagen (CTX-I), total calcium, and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity. Results: Rats at 56 weeks of age showed important bone metabolism differences when compared with the younger group, such as, highest diaphysis energy to failure, lowest levels of OC, CTX-I, and ALP, and elevated PTH, even with adequate dietary Ca. Conclusion: Rats at 26-week-old rats may be too young to study age-related bone loss, whereas the 56-week-old rats may be good models to represent the early stages of age-related changes in bone metabolism. © ABE&M todos os direitos reservados.564259264Danilovich, N., Maysinger, D., Sairam, M.R., Perspectives on reproductive senescence and biological aging: Studies in genetically altered follitropin receptor knockout [FORKO] mice (2004) Exp Gerontol, 39, pp. 1669-1678Prevention and management of osteoporosis prevention (2003) World Health Organization, p. 921. , World Health Organization-WHO, editor. 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