LambertzEtAl_BiolLett_Bone-Histological-Correlates-AirSacs_ESM2

Interactive three-dimensional model of the Europasaurus holgeri vertebral neural arch

Graph of the moving wall velocity during the breathing cycle used in 2D CFD model.

<p>Graph of the moving wall velocity during the breathing cycle used in 2D CFD model.</p

Pressure change in the air sac during one breathing cycle.

<p>1 s corresponds to end-inspiration.</p

Published respiratory parameters for the domestic fowl with mean weight 1900 g from Bouverot and Dejours [9].

<p>Published respiratory parameters for the domestic fowl with mean weight 1900 g from Bouverot and Dejours <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0045315#pone.0045315-Bouverot1" target="_blank">[9]</a>.</p

A simplification of the avian respiratory system for the domestic fowl.

<p>A) schematic representation; B) 2D finite element model; C) boundary conditions for the 2D model.</p

Temperature in syrinx averaged over the cross-sectional area during the breathing cycle.

<p>1 s corresponds to end-inspiration.</p

Relative humidity of the air passing through the syrinx in one breathing cycle.

<p>1 s corresponds to end-inspiration.</p

Temperature distribution in the 2D model during the breathing cycle.

<p>The maximal volume increase is seen at 1 s at the end of inspiration/begin of expiration, the initial air sac volume is reached at 3 s, end expiration.</p

Flow rate of water vapour at tracheal orifice under two simulated experimental conditions.

<p>1 s corresponds to end inspiration.</p

Mass flow through the orifice during one breathing cycle.

<p>1 s corresponds to end-inspiration.</p