20 research outputs found

    Die typisierende BerΓΌcksichtigung der persΓΆnlichen Steuerbelastung des Anteilseigners beim squeeze out

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    Die Bewertung eines Unternehmens verlangt eine BerΓΌcksichtigung der individuellen Besteuerung der Anteilseigner. Bei squeeze-outs, in denen die Anteilseigner einer unterschiedlichen Steuerbelastung unterliegen, wΓΌrde diese BerΓΌcksichtigung zu individuell unterschiedlichen Kompensationszahlungen fΓΌhren - was das deutsche Aktienrecht nicht zulΓ€sst. In dieser Arbeit diskutieren wir, wie dieses Problem angemessen gelΓΆst werden kann. Dazu bestimmen wir die durchschnittlichen GrenzsteuersΓ€tze, die sich aus Daten der Einkommensteuerstatistik 1998 ergeben. Die vom IDW vorgeschlagene Typisierung lΓ€sst sich mit der Tariffunktion des Jahres 1998 empirisch rechtfertigen, wenn als Grenzsteuersatz des typischen Abzufindenden gerade der ungewichtete Grenzsteuersatz aller Steuerpflichtigen mit DividendeneinkΓΌnften verstanden wird.For the valuation of a company it is necessary to take the income tax of its owners into account. When looking at a squeeze-out with investors who have different wealth this implies that fair compensation payments will be different. This is in contradiction to the German Stock Companies Act. In this paper we discuss how this problem can be solved in an acceptable manner and we determine different average income tax rates using German tax data. It can be shown that using particular weighted averages indeed lead to the proposal of an income tax rate of 35% which is required by the Association of German CPAs

    Π—Π°ΠΏΡ€Π΅Ρ‚ прСдставлСния Π΄ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΡΡ‚Π² ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ пропускС ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ†Π΅ΡΡΡƒΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ срока (ΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΊΠ»ΡŽΠ·ΠΈΡ) Π² систСмС административно-судСбной Π·Π°Ρ‰ΠΈΡ‚Ρ‹ Π² Π“Π΅Ρ€ΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ

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    The subject. The article describes preclusion in German Administrative Law.The purpose of the paper is to confirm or disprove hypothesis that the preclusion is an integral part of the administrative and judicial practice of Germany, despite its low efficiency.The main results and scope of their application. There are relations of between the constitutional principle of legal protection (Art. 19 Abs. of the Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany) and preclusion. It is shown that there are different types of preclusion in German Administrative Law, depending on the status of the administrative procedure. It can occur in the administrative process between citizen and the administrative authority and in the administrative court process. In both acts there is to differ between those who plea an infringement of their own rights and those who consider the rights of third parties.Examples for preclusion from different areas of the law like tax or environmental law are given. Another aspect is the difference between formal and material preclusion. While formal preclusion is limited to the administrative process and does not affect the administrative court case, material preclusion effects both acts, the administrative process and the court case.The next part concentrates on the limits set by the constitution and European law. A decision by the European Court of Justice and by the Federal constitutional court of Germany (Bundesverfassungsgericht) are presented to specify these limits. The ECJ has a stricter approach than the German constitutional court, which ruled, that preclusion does not violate the constitutional principles of legal protection and fair hearing. Nonetheless the ECJ also agreed laws that hinder abusive pleas.Conclusions. The last part contemplates the practicability of preclusion and concludes, that the effects are relatively modest and the target of acceleration is often not attained. However, the German model of preclusion has a disciplining effect on participants in administrative procedures and the judicial process; has firmly entered German administrative and judicial practice and does not contradict the constitutional guarantee of legal protection.РассматриваСтся ΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΊΠ»ΡŽΠ·ΠΈΡ Π² Π½Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Ρ†ΠΊΠΎΠΌ административном ΠΏΡ€Π°Π²Π΅. Π’ зависимости ΠΎΡ‚ статуса административной ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ†Π΅Π΄ΡƒΡ€Ρ‹ ΡΡƒΡ‰Π΅ΡΡ‚Π²ΡƒΡŽΡ‚ Ρ€Π°Π·Π»ΠΈΡ‡Π½Ρ‹Π΅ Ρ‚ΠΈΠΏΡ‹ Π·Π°ΠΏΡ€Π΅Ρ‚Π° Π½Π° прСдставлСниС Π΄ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΡΡ‚Π². ΠŸΡ€Π΅ΠΊΠ»ΡŽΠ·ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ‚ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡ‚ΡŒΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π² досудСбных административных ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ†Π΅Π΄ΡƒΡ€Π°Ρ…, Ρ‚Π°ΠΊ ΠΈ Π² административном судСбном процСссС. ΠŸΡ€ΠΈ этом Π² ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΈΡ… случаях слСдуСт ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ Ρ€Π°Π·Π³Ρ€Π°Π½ΠΈΡ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρƒ Ρ‚Π΅ΠΌΠΈ, ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎ заявляСт ΠΎ Π½Π°Ρ€ΡƒΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ своих собствСнных ΠΏΡ€Π°Π², ΠΈ Ρ‚Π΅ΠΌΠΈ, ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎ выступаСт Π² Π·Π°Ρ‰ΠΈΡ‚Ρƒ ΠΏΡ€Π°Π² Ρ‚Ρ€Π΅Ρ‚ΡŒΠΈΡ… Π»ΠΈΡ†. ΠŸΡ€ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡ‚ΡΡ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ€Ρ‹ ΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΊΠ»ΡŽΠ·ΠΈΠ²Π½Ρ‹Ρ… санкций Π² Ρ€Π°Π·Π»ΠΈΡ‡Π½Ρ‹Ρ… сфСрах, Π² частности Π² Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ экологичСском ΠΏΡ€Π°Π²Π΅. ΠŸΡ€Π΅ΠΊΠ»ΡŽΠ·ΠΈΡ разграничиваСтся ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅Ρ€ΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΡŽ Π½Π° Ρ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΡƒΡŽ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΡƒΡŽ ΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΊΠ»ΡŽΠ·ΠΈΡŽ: Π² Ρ‚ΠΎ врСмя ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Ρ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΊΠ»ΡŽΠ·ΠΈΠΈ ограничиваСтся административными внСсудСбными ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ†Π΅Π΄ΡƒΡ€Π°ΠΌΠΈ (Ρ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΊΠ»ΡŽΠ·ΠΈΡ Π½Π΅ дСйствуСт Π² административном судСбном процСссС), ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΊΠ»ΡŽΠ·ΠΈΡ ΠΎΡ…Π²Π°Ρ‚Ρ‹Π²Π°Π΅Ρ‚ ΠΈ Ρ‚ΠΎ, ΠΈ Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΠ³ΠΎΠ΅. Π Π°ΡΡΠΌΠ°Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»Ρ‹ примСнСния ΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΊΠ»ΡŽΠ·ΠΈΠ²Π½Ρ‹Ρ… санкций, установлСнныС конституционным ΠΏΡ€Π°Π²ΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ ΠΏΡ€Π°Π²ΠΎΠΌ ЕвропСйского Боюза: Π‘ΡƒΠ΄ Π•Π‘ высказался Π·Π° Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ строгиС Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠΊΠΈ примСнСния ΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΊΠ»ΡŽΠ·ΠΈΠΈ, Π² ΠΎΡ‚Π»ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΡ‚ Π€Π΅Π΄Π΅Ρ€Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠšΠΎΠ½ΡΡ‚ΠΈΡ‚ΡƒΡ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π‘ΡƒΠ΄Π° Π“Π΅Ρ€ΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹ΠΉ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ½Ρ†ΠΈΠΏΠΈΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎ ΠΎΠΏΡ€Π°Π²Π΄Ρ‹Π²Π°Π΅Ρ‚ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡ‚ΠΈΡ‚ΡƒΡ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ ΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΊΠ»ΡŽΠ·ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π°Π³Π°Π΅Ρ‚, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ ΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΊΠ»ΡŽΠ·ΠΈΡ Π½Π΅ Π½Π°Ρ€ΡƒΡˆΠ°Π΅Ρ‚ конституционныС ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ½Ρ†ΠΈΠΏΡ‹ Π½Π°Π΄Π»Π΅ΠΆΠ°Ρ‰Π΅ΠΉ ΠΏΡ€Π°Π²ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Π·Π°Ρ‰ΠΈΡ‚Ρ‹ ΠΈ справСдливого судСбного Ρ€Π°Π·Π±ΠΈΡ€Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΡΡ‚Π²Π°. Π’Π΅ΠΌ Π½Π΅ ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π΅ Π‘ΡƒΠ΄ Π•Π‘ Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ·Π½Π°Π΅Ρ‚ ΡΠΎΠΎΡ‚Π²Π΅Ρ‚ΡΡ‚Π²ΡƒΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡƒΡ‡Ρ€Π΅Π΄ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΌ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡƒΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ‚Π°ΠΌ ЕвропСйского Боюза Π½Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Π΅ Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ‹, ΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΏΡΡ‚ΡΡ‚Π²ΡƒΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΠ΅ Π·Π»ΠΎΡƒΠΏΠΎΡ‚Ρ€Π΅Π±Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡŽ ΠΏΡ€Π°Π²ΠΎΠΌ Π½Π° ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Ρ‰Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅. По Ρ€Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π°Ρ‚Π°ΠΌ рассмотрСния практичСских аспСктов ΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΊΠ»ΡŽΠ·ΠΈΠΈ дСлаСтся Π²Ρ‹Π²ΠΎΠ΄, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ эффСкт ΠΎΡ‚ примСнСния ΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΊΠ»ΡŽΠ·ΠΈΠ²Π½Ρ‹Ρ… санкций вСсьма скромный, ΠΈ Ρ†Π΅Π»ΠΈ ускорСния административного ΠΈ судСбного процСсса ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ этих санкций Π½Π΅ Π΄ΠΎΡΡ‚ΠΈΠ³Π°ΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ. Однако нСмСцкая модСль ΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΊΠ»ΡŽΠ·ΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Ρ‹Π²Π°Π΅Ρ‚ Π΄ΠΈΡΡ†ΠΈΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡ€ΡƒΡŽΡ‰Π΅Π΅ воздСйствиС Π½Π° участников административных ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ†Π΅Π΄ΡƒΡ€ ΠΈ судСбного процСсса, ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ‡Π½ΠΎ вошла Π² Π½Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Ρ†ΠΊΡƒΡŽ Π°Π΄ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΡ‚Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½ΡƒΡŽ ΠΈ ΡΡƒΠ΄Π΅Π±Π½ΡƒΡŽ ΠΏΡ€Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠΊΡƒ ΠΈ Π½Π΅ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ‚ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡ€Π΅Ρ‡ΠΈΡ‚ конституционной Π³Π°Ρ€Π°Π½Ρ‚ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡ€Π°Π²ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Π·Π°Ρ‰ΠΈΡ‚Ρ‹

    Preclusion in German administrative proceedings

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    The subject. The article describes preclusion in German Administrative Law.The purpose of the paper is to confirm or disprove hypothesis that the preclusion is an integral part of the administrative and judicial practice of Germany, despite its low efficiency.The main results and scope of their application. There are relations of between the constitutional principle of legal protection (Art. 19 Abs. of the Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany) and preclusion. It is shown that there are different types of preclusion in German Administrative Law, depending on the status of the administrative procedure. It can occur in the administrative process between citizen and the administrative authority and in the administrative court process. In both acts there is to differ between those who plea an infringement of their own rights and those who consider the rights of third parties.Examples for preclusion from different areas of the law like tax or environmental law are given. Another aspect is the difference between formal and material preclusion. While formal preclusion is limited to the administrative process and does not affect the administrative court case, material preclusion effects both acts, the administrative process and the court case.The next part concentrates on the limits set by the constitution and European law. A decision by the European Court of Justice and by the Federal constitutional court of Germany (Bundesverfassungsgericht) are presented to specify these limits. The ECJ has a stricter approach than the German constitutional court, which ruled, that preclusion does not violate the constitutional principles of legal protection and fair hearing. Nonetheless the ECJ also agreed laws that hinder abusive pleas.Conclusions. The last part contemplates the practicability of preclusion and concludes, that the effects are relatively modest and the target of acceleration is often not attained. However, the German model of preclusion has a disciplining effect on participants in administrative procedures and the judicial process; has firmly entered German administrative and judicial practice and does not contradict the constitutional guarantee of legal protection

    Die Befreiung auslΓ€ndischer Diplomaten von deutscher Besteuerung

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    Josef Isensee zum 70. Geburtstag

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