Empirical Research in Statistics Education

This ICME-13 Topical Survey provides a review of recent research into statistics education, with a focus on empirical research published in established educational journals and on the proceedings of important conferences on statistics education. It identifies and addresses six key research topics, namely: teachers’ knowledge; teachers’ role in statistics education; teacher preparation; students’ knowledge; students’ role in statistics education; and how students learn statistics with the help of technology. For each topic, the survey builds upon existing reviews, complementing them with the latest research

Growth of <i>M. tuberculosis</i> strains in liquid 7H9 broth.

<p><a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0043170#pone-0043170-g001" target="_blank">Fig. 1 (A)</a> Growth of individual <i>M. tuberculosis</i> strains from different lineages in liquid 7H9 broth. Data represent the mean and range (n = 2) values. <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0043170#pone-0043170-g001" target="_blank">Fig. 1 (B)</a> Summarized growth of <i>M. tuberculosis</i> strain lineages. <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0043170#pone-0043170-g001" target="_blank">Fig. 1 (C)</a> Comparison of C_max (maximum point on the growth curve) for different strain lineages. Lineage 4 strains showed higher C_max than lineage 2**(p = 0.01) and lineage 3*** strains (p = 0.001). H37Rv showed significantly higher C_max than all clinical strains^# (p = 0.001) <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0043170#pone-0043170-g001" target="_blank">Fig. 1 (D)</a> Comparison of T_max (time to reach to C_max) for different strain lineages. H37Rv reached T_max significantly faster than lineage 3 strains* (p = 0.05).</p

Genotype of selected <i>M. tuberculosis</i> strains.

<p>Genotype of selected <i>M. tuberculosis</i> strains.</p

Doubling time⁺ for <i>M. tuberculosis</i> strains from different lineages in human monocyte derived macrophages.

+<p>Doubling times = t/3.3 log (b/B) (t = time, B = initial colonies, b = final colonies). Data represent means ± S.D from n = 7 donors.</p

Strain wise comparison of M. tuberculosis growth in axenic media based on Cmax ^# and Tmax ^{# #} values.

#<p>C_max : maximum number of colony forming units,</p># #<p>T_max : Time required to reach C_max. Data represent mean ± SD obtained from two separate growth experiments.</p

Strain uptake by monocyte derived macrophages.

<p><a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0043170#pone-0043170-g002" target="_blank">Fig. 2 (A)</a> Uptake of <i>M. tuberculosis</i> strains by MDM (4 h CFU calculated as a percentage of initial inoculum). <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0043170#pone-0043170-g002" target="_blank">Fig. 2 (<b>B</b>)</a> Summarized uptake of <i>M. tuberculosis</i> strain lineages by MDM. H37Rv showed significantly lower uptake by the than clinical strains^# (p<0.001). Data represent the mean ± SD (n = 7).</p

Concordance of molecular serotyping results of pneumococcal control strains.

<p>^armPCR: real-time Multiplex PCR.</p><p>N/A* = serotype not included in the rmPCR panel.</p><p>No ID ^b. = sequence identity of ≤98% with sequences in GenBank.</p><p>Neg^c = negative sequetyping PCR result.</p><p>^dThe Sequetyping assay mistyped serotype 18C as 18B.</p><p>Concordance of molecular serotyping results of pneumococcal control strains.</p

Similarity of 16F-like capsular polysaccharide (<i>cps</i>) gene loci.

<p>Sequences from pneumococci serotyped as 16F Quellung but sequetyped as 9V was compared to reference 9V (CR931648) and 16F (CR931668) <i>cps</i> sequences. Artemis Comparison Tool (ACT) was used to generate and view gene homology. The top lines represent the forward and reverse strand of a serotype 9v reference, the middle lines represent the queried 16F strain and the bottom lines shows the 16F reference. The portion of the <i>wzh</i> gene that is amplified by the sequetyping assay is shown by the blue rectangle. The clear blocks below the blue box shows regions were the genes that are not similar. BLASTN matches are shown as red bands between sequences, indicating the degree of similarity between the sequences.</p

Comparative genome analysis of pneumococcal serotypes 16F and 9V genetic background.

<p>When the sequence identities of all four genomes were compared using RAST(Rapid Annotation using Subsystem Technology), the genome backbone of all three 16F (103347 and 103385 from this study and a 16F control strain) were mostly identical but divergent from 9V. The colour codes represent how close or divergent the genomes are. Therefore, similar genome backgrounds will have similar colours.</p

Flow chart showing the pneumococcal isolates included in the study.

<p>*Of the 40 isolates that were tested by rmPCR, only 25 were included as part of the rmPCR targets.</p