1,780 research outputs found
Diffuse Non-thermal X-ray Emission: Evidence for Cosmic-ray Acceleration at the Shock Front in IC1262
We report the first localization of diffuse, non-thermal, X-ray emission from
a nearby galaxy cluster. Using Chandra data, we have isolated a diffuse
non-thermal X-ray component with a photon index, Gamma_ X = 2.21 +0.14 -0.15
and a flux of 9.5 +1.1 -2.5 x 10^-5 photons cm^-2 s^-1 keV^-1 at 1 keV, that
extends from ~1'.5 to ~2'.5 to the south of the X-ray flux peak. Comparison to
simulations implies that the diffuse non-thermal emission is produced by
primary electrons, accelerated at shocks to relativistic velocities. Using
these results and the flux and hardness maps produced with data from the
Chandra Advanced CCD Imaging Spectrometer, we conclude that a smaller subclump
coming from the north merged with IC1262. The offset of the cD galaxy from the
X-ray peak and large peculiar velocity indicate that the subclump's impact
parameter was to the west and on the near side of IC1262.Comment: 5 pages, 4 figures, 2 tables. Accepted by ApJ
The Entrepreneurial State Goes to Europe
This article investigates state-level export programs in response to the emerging new economic and political regime of Europe 1992. Little related export promotion activity is found, even in states reputed to have the most active entrepreneurial policies. The authors conclude that states have few resources to invest in export promotion and are inappropriate jurisdictions around which to organize such policy, despite the much touted entrepreneurial state
Bronze Age Maritime and Warrior Dynamics in Island East Asia
Recent interdisciplinary studies have provided a new perspective on the European Bronze Age. Hudson examines if these approaches can be applied to East Asia, analysing trade, maritime interactions and warrior culture in comparative Eurasian framework. This title is also available as open access on Cambridge Core
Electronic Navigational Charts from Survey Source Information - The Australian Experience
Australia has held for some years that Official ENCs should be much more than a simple vectorised facsimile of the paper chart series. National hydrographic offices should draw on the full range of source material available to them to provide the mariner with a 'value added' product. Furthermore, a single va lidated nonconflicting database of source material should be used to generate electronic and paper charts and their associated publications. The resource efficiencies in doing this are obvious. This paper provides an insight to the challenges of producing ENCs from survey source information and is dedicated to the cartographic, development and information management staff of the Australian Hydrographic Service (AHS) who have never stopped trying
THE PRICING EFFICIENCY OF AGRICULTURAL FUTURES MARKETS: AN ANALYSIS OF PREVIOUS RESEARCH RESULTS
The analysis examines quantitatively the findings of previous studies of the pricing efficiency of various agricultural markets using a logit framework. The findings provide insight into the importance of commodity characteristics, uncertainty, and testing procedures used on the results of past research of pricing efficiency. The study also identifies several areas for further research.Demand and Price Analysis,
Welding of X100 linepipe
The benefits of high strength steels in terms of reduced material volume due to
enhanced mechanical performance have been known for some time. Large diameter
transmission linepipe steels of minimum 690MPa ('XIOO') yield strength have been
developed throughout the previous decade, and have recently become commercially
available. Before these steels are used in linepipe construction projects, fimdamental
work regarding their ability to be field welded required undertaking. This thesis presents
data arising from girth welding experiments involving a variety of X 100 linepipe steels,
welding consurnables and welding processes.
Target girth weld mechanical properties thought suitable for a strain-based MOO
pipeline design were proposed at the outset of the research. Optimisation of pulsed gas
metal arc welding waveforms for the single and tandem wire processes, alongside the
establishment of the base material properties formed an early part of the research. An
extensive programme of solid wire welding consumable evaluation was then undertaken
for single, tandem and dual torch narrow gap welding processes. The majority of
equipment and procedures used throughout the work were as close to current field
practice as possible, to minimise the time required to transfer the technology to the field
situation. Work then focussed on the optimised alloy levels and welding procedure
requirements for the production of full girth welds, using a variety of industry pipeline
welding standards and supplemental techniques to assess the joint integrity.
It has been demonstrated that, subject to careful selection of welding consumable and
fairly precise control of welding process variables and parameters, there are no major
problems in obtaining weld metal strength levels of at least 120 MPa above the 690
MPa specified minimum yield strength (SMYS) of the parent pipe. This objective has
been achieved in welds made usirig all three mechanised process variants examined.
The desired target properties of strength and toughness were achieved with a variety of
consumables and pipe materials of different composition.
Tie-in and repair procedures were also developed during the course of the research, with
particular attention focussed on the application of high strength rutile flux cored ýVires.
These wires attained strength levels overmatching the pipe specified minimum yield
strength (690MPa), but would not reach the guaranteed overmatch level of 81 OMPa.
An examination of the thermocycles associated with four mechanised narrow gap
welding techniques (single, tandem, dual and dual tandem) was undertaken. The
experimental technique developed allowed the solidifying weld bead to be monitored, as
well as the cumulative temperature cycles experienced by the underlying layers.
Succesful determination of the cooling rates, times and transformation temperatures
allowed a comparative evaluation of the four processes, using an optimum weld metal
composition suitable for single wire welding of X100. This led to an understanding of
the metallurgical history, and its consequent effect on the associated mechanical and
microstructural properties. A similar series of experiments was undertaken to examine
these effects using variations in preheat with a single wire process. In most cases
considerable property variations were attained for'the same weld metal chemistry, joint
geometry and arc energy, highlighting the sensitivity of the process and procedure in
achieving the required properties. The high cooling rates determined from the thermocycle experiments explained the
microstructural and mechanical properties attainable from lean alloying levels. A series
of metal cored wires, based around the same alloy as for the thermocycle experiments,
was consequently manufactured to examine small changes in weld metal chemistry. The
individual wires involved changes in carbon, nickel, molybdenum and chromium to
examine potential property variations arising from a highly controlled narrow gap
welding procedure. The results again highlighted the sensitivity of the narrow gap
welding technique in generating considerable property variation within the weld metal.
Tolerance ranges for specific alloying additions to attain the proposed strength levels
with a single and tandem wire process were derived from the data
K prazgodovini velikega razhajanja:: izvor japonske predmoderne ekonomije v bronasti dobi
This essay argues that the primary socio-economic formations of premodern Japan were formed in the Bronze Age via processes of ancient globalisation across Eurasia. Multi-crop cereal agriculture combining rice, millet, wheat and barley with a minor contribution from domesticated animals spread from Bronze Age Korea to Japan at the beginning of the first millennium BC. This agricultural system gradually expanded through the archipelago while engendering new economic niches centred on trade, raiding and specialised fishing. From the fifth century AD the horse became widely used for warfare, transport and overseas trade. While alluvial rice farming provided staple finance for the early state, it is argued here that the concept of the ‘maritime mode of production’ better explains economic processes in the nonstate spaces of Japan until the early seventeenth century. Despite this diversity in socio-economic formations, the post-Bronze Age globalisation of food in Japan appears to have been delayed compared to many other regions of Eurasia and to have been less impacted by elite consumption. Further research is required to confirm this suggestion and the essay outlines several areas where archaeological research could contribute to debates over the ‘Great Divergence’ and the economic development of the modern world
Examining the Relationship Between Selected Grade 3-12 Teachers’ Perceived Assessment Literacy and Their Classroom Assessment Practices
The study examined the self-reported understandings of selected 3rd to 12th grade teachers had of assessment and the assessment practices they reported implementing in their classrooms along with evidence extracted from written lesson plans. The literature on classroom assessment supports the idea that teachers who create meaningful assessments, offer corrective action, and give students multiple opportunities to demonstrate success can improve their instruction and increase student learning (Guskey, 2003). McMillan, Myran, and Workman (2002) argued that teachers’ understanding of assessment matters are inadequate; although there is common use of standardized math and reading tests, there is limited knowledge of how the assessments are scored, what inferences can be drawn, and even less knowledge of issues involving reliability and validity. The mixed-method study examines the relationship between these two phenomena using a model of assessment literacy that holds the student as the most essential variable in a data-driven practice involving interdependent actions that results in increase achievement. To achieve this goal, a teacher questionnaire was distributed to teachers working in 10 different schools serving varied student populations. As a method of triangulation, the data gathered by the questionnaire was reconciled with a systematic analysis of lesson plans to establish consistent themes. Findings indicate an implementation gap as it relates to teachers’ surface knowledge of assessment and what they practice daily in the classroom. Additionally, the study found that teachers do not consistently integrate assessment activities into daily instructio
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