ENTREVISTA: CLÁUDIA RODRIGUES CARVALHO

Perfl: A Professora Cláudia Rodrigues Ferreira de Carvalho é uma importante arqueóloga brasileira e um de nossas principais pesquisadoras que atuam na transição entre a Arqueologia e a Antropologia Biológica no Brasil. Possui graduaçãoem Arqueologia pela Universidade Estácio de Sá (1994) e doutorado em SaúdePública pela Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública/FIOCRUZ (2004), onde tambémobteve sua especialização em Paleopatologia (1994) e mestrado em Saúde Pú-blica (1997). É professora do Setor de Antropologia Biológica do Departamentode Antropologia do Museu Nacional/UFRJ, instituição que dirigiu de janeiro de2010 a janeiro de 2018. Dirigiu, também, a Casa da Ciência, de junho de 2018a dezembro de 2019. Atualmente, coordena o Núcleo de Resgate do acervo doMuseu Nacional, além de ser Diretora pró-tempore do Sistema de Museus Acervos e Patrimônio da UFRJ (SIMAP). Sua atuação científca é ampla, contemplandopesquisas nas áreas de Antropologia Biológica (com ênfase em Bioarqueologia ePaleopatologia), Arqueologia Funerária, Evolução Humana, Simbolismo e Cultura,Antropologia Forense, trajetórias históricas dos estudos sobre o passado humano, patrimônio cultural, memória e identidade em Museus, Acervos e Coleções. Éresponsável por disciplinas no Programa de Pós-Graduação em Arqueologia doMuseu Nacional e no curso de especialização em Geologia do Quaternário, damesma instituição, participando, também, da graduação em Ciências Biomédicasda UFRJ

O PAPEL DA ANTROPOLOGIA BIOLÓGICA NA EDUCAÇÃO E NA POPULARIZAÇÃO DA CIÊNCIA

O estudo de aspectos biológicos atrelados a fatores socioculturais na espécie humanatem sido o foco de várias pesquisas orientadas pela Antropologia Biológica. Com longo histórico de atuação e inúmeros laboratórios de pesquisa na Europa e nos Estados Unidos, a Antropologia Biológica é menos representativa na América Latina em geral e no contexto brasileiro em particular. O potencial das pesquisas realizadas para a promoção de impactos sociais positivos em nossa sociedade, em especial pensando-se na promoção de políticas públicas para inclusão, saúde humana e ambiental, e sustentabilidade, acaba sendo minimizado pelo cenário atual onde se observa distanciamento entre o conhecimento acadêmico e o que é acessado por um público mais amplo. No presente artigo, os autores apresentam a importância da divulgação e popularização da ciência e do diálogo entre cientistas e a comunidade para além dos muros da academia, com foco em suas experiências em Antropologia Biológica. Compartilhando suas vivências no contexto norte- -americano e brasileiro, os autores visam estimular atividades de disseminação do conhecimento entre colegas de profssão. Destacando a importância de defnir claramente os objetivos, a factibilidade e o potencial transformativo de cada proposta, defendemos queas atividades de divulgação e popularização científca podem fazer parte do cotidianodos grupos de pesquisa na disciplina. Com base nas experiências dos autores, o principal objetivo deste artigo de opinião é estimular colegas Bioantropólogas(os) a explorarem ativamente o potencial da divulgação científca nesta área do conhecimento

What Makes Us Human: Anthropology Public Outreach at COSI

As anthropologists, we strive to answer questions related to being human. These questions bridge the gap between science and the humanities. They challenge us to think about our origins and our biases, and they ask us to place ourselves in the shoes of people from all around the world. Even though anthropology touches so many aspects of our lives, it is rarely discussed outside the college classroom. One of the goals of the Anthropology Public Outreach Program (APOP), a part of Ohio State's anthropology department, is to rectify this issue by bringing anthropology into communities around Columbus, Ohio, so everyone can explore what it means to be human. APOP offers a collection of anthropology-themed educational experiences on portable carts, which our volunteers facilitate at our community partner, the Center of Science and Industry (COSI). The cart activities cover aspects of comparative morphology, human evolution, archaeology, and cultural anthropology. We aim to engage people from all ages and backgrounds, be they children, students, parents, or teachers. Our activities offer interactive opportunities for participants to engage with different aspects of human diversity, from our remote past to the present in such a way that knowledge can be constructed from individual points of view and life experiences. All activities use self-driven discovery, participation, and hands-on learning as their primary teaching tools with the goal of building understanding of the cultural and biological diversity of our species. APOP's mission is to help broaden people's perspectives of what it means to be human by challenging participants to consider different perspectives on subjects related to human biological and cultural diversity, both in the past and present. Our goals closely intersect with COSI's mission "for those of all ages to discover more about our environment, our accomplishments, our heritage, and ourselves." By working with COSI, we mutually benefit by sharing resources for a collective impact. In addition, our student volunteers gain experience teaching their passion, engaging with the public, and performing a community service. The perceptions individuals have of human diversity and cultural variation play an important role in shaping events on local, regional, national, and international scales in the face of changing social conditions.AUTHOR AFFILIATION: Mark Hubbe, associate professor, Ohio State Department of Anthropology, [email protected] (Corresponding Author); Alexandra Tuggle, graduate teaching associate, Ohio State Department of Anthropology; John Osborn, floor faculty manager, COSIThe mission of the Anthropology Public Outreach Program (APOP) at Ohio State is to help broaden people's perspectives of what it means to be human by challenging participants to consider different perspectives related to human biological and cultural diversity, both in the past and present. We believe in the power of ideas, scientific inquiry, and self-discovery. APOP offers a collection of anthropology-themed educational experiences on portable carts, which our volunteers facilitate at our community partner, the Center of Science and Industry (COSI). Our goals closely intersect with COSI's mission "for those of all ages to discover more about our environment, our accomplishments, our heritage, and ourselves." Our activities offer interactive opportunities for participants of all ages to engage with different aspects of human diversity, from our remote past to the present in such a way that knowledge can be constructed from individual points of view and life experiences

Bioantropología de una población de San Pedro de Atacama a través de tres fases culturales

Este estudio se ha hecho a través de la población arqueológica de Quitor 5, un cementerio ubicado en el distrito (ayllu) homónimo, a orillas del río San Pedro, el que aportó 164 tumbas con 371 cuerpos. Los cuerpos, todos en cuclillas, se hallaron a varias profundidades y su orientación es igualmente variable. Hay tumbas de uno hasta siete cuerpos y entre los entierros secundarios desde ocho hasta treinta cuerpos. Entre el ajuar acompañante se encuentra: numerosas alfarerías de las épocas y cestería, hachas, tabletas para alucinógenos junto a la correspondiente parafernalia, adornos de cobre y al menos una placa de oro, huesos pirograbados, etc. A través de los contextos funerarios ha sido posible segregar en este sitio tres fases del período agroalfarero atacameño -Temprano, Medio y Tardío- lo que ha permitido hacer un seguimiento bioantropológico de una misma población local, a través del tiempo, detectando sus cambios, persistencias e intrusiones. Para esto se analizó sexo, edad, patologías, traumas y deformación craneana, como indicadores para inferir aspectos de composición de población, morbilidad, estado nutricional, violencia, aspectos laborales y rasgos culturales en general.Eje: Comunicaciones orales: BioarqueologíaAsociación de Antropología Biológica de la República Argentina (AABRA

Bioantropología de una población de San Pedro de Atacama a través de tres fases culturales

Este estudio se ha hecho a través de la población arqueológica de Quitor 5, un cementerio ubicado en el distrito (ayllu) homónimo, a orillas del río San Pedro, el que aportó 164 tumbas con 371 cuerpos. Los cuerpos, todos en cuclillas, se hallaron a varias profundidades y su orientación es igualmente variable. Hay tumbas de uno hasta siete cuerpos y entre los entierros secundarios desde ocho hasta treinta cuerpos. Entre el ajuar acompañante se encuentra: numerosas alfarerías de las épocas y cestería, hachas, tabletas para alucinógenos junto a la correspondiente parafernalia, adornos de cobre y al menos una placa de oro, huesos pirograbados, etc. A través de los contextos funerarios ha sido posible segregar en este sitio tres fases del período agroalfarero atacameño -Temprano, Medio y Tardío- lo que ha permitido hacer un seguimiento bioantropológico de una misma población local, a través del tiempo, detectando sus cambios, persistencias e intrusiones. Para esto se analizó sexo, edad, patologías, traumas y deformación craneana, como indicadores para inferir aspectos de composición de población, morbilidad, estado nutricional, violencia, aspectos laborales y rasgos culturales en general.Eje: Comunicaciones orales: BioarqueologíaAsociación de Antropología Biológica de la República Argentina (AABRA

ANTROPOLOGIA BIOLÓGICA: A APRESENTAÇÃO DE UM DOSSIÊ

A Antropologia Biológica é uma disciplina que se dedica ao estudo da Biologia Humana, sob o arcabouço teórico da Biologia Evolutiva, o que a caracterizacomo parte das ciências biológicas (LARSEN, 2018). Sob a abordagem  bioantropológica, a Biologia Humana é estudada com ênfase à investigação das interações bioculturais (JURMAIN et al, 2013-2014), i. e., das propriedades que emergem da relação dialética entre as forças socioculturais e biológicas dos seres humanos (HOKE & SCHELL, 2020). Por lidar com questões que exploram assuntos da natureza cultural e comportamental humana, além dos de ordem biológica, a Antropologia Biológica pode ser considerada, também, uma ciência social (AAPA, 2020)

Revisiting the cranial variability of the Dmanisi hominins

The Dmanisi specimens represent the most diverse contemporaneous hominin fossils found at one single site and are key in understanding the first out -of- Africa dispersal and the origins of Homo erectus. Due to these reasons, they have]e been the focus of many studies in paleoanthropology in the last 30 years. However, there has not been any consensus on how to classify these fossils, nor has it been clarified how many species were co-living at that site. In this article, we aim to revisit the subject and contribute further to the discussion

A new early Holocene human skeleton from Brazil: implications for the settlement of the New World

Abstract Increasing skeletal evidence from the U.S.A., Mexico, Colombia, and Brazil strongly suggests that the first settlers in the Americas had a cranial morphology distinct from that displayed by most late and modern Native Americans. The Paleoamerican morphological pattern is more generalized and can be seen today among Africans, Australians, and Melanesians. Here, we present the results of a comparative morphological assessment of a late Paleoindian/early archaic specimen from Capelinha Burial II, southern Brazil. The Capelinha skull was compared with samples of four Paleoindian groups from South and Central America and worldwide modern groups from W.W. Howells' studies. In both analyses performed (classical morphometrics and geometric morphometrics), the results show a clear association between Capelinha Burial II and the Paleoindians, as well as Australians, Melanesians, and Africans, confirming its Paleoamerican status

Testing Evolutionary and Dispersion Scenarios for the Settlement of the New World

Background: Discussion surrounding the settlement of the New World has recently gained momentum with advances in molecular biology, archaeology and bioanthropology. Recent evidence from these diverse fields is found to support different colonization scenarios. The currently available genetic evidence suggests a ""single migration'' model, in which both early and later Native American groups derive from one expansion event into the continent. In contrast, the pronounced anatomical differences between early and late Native American populations have led others to propose more complex scenarios, involving separate colonization events of the New World and a distinct origin for these groups. Methodology/Principal Findings: Using large samples of Early American crania, we: 1) calculated the rate of morphological differentiation between Early and Late American samples under three different time divergence assumptions, and compared our findings to the predicted morphological differentiation under neutral conditions in each case; and 2) further tested three dispersal scenarios for the colonization of the New World by comparing the morphological distances among early and late Amerindians, East Asians, Australo-Melanesians and early modern humans from Asia to geographical distances associated with each dispersion model. Results indicate that the assumption of a last shared common ancestor outside the continent better explains the observed morphological differences between early and late American groups. This result is corroborated by our finding that a model comprising two Asian waves of migration coming through Bering into the Americas fits the cranial anatomical evidence best, especially when the effects of diversifying selection to climate are taken into account. Conclusions: We conclude that the morphological diversity documented through time in the New World is best accounted for by a model postulating two waves of human expansion into the continent originating in East Asia and entering through Beringia.Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Cientifico y Tecnologico (FONDECYT)[11070091]Fundacao de Amparo a Ciencia do Estado de Sao Paulo (FAPESP)[04/01253-0]Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa (CNPq)[301126-04.6]Max Planck GesellschaftEVAN Marie Curie Research Training Network[MRTN-CT-019564

Early Holocene ritual complexity in South America: the archaeological record of Lapa do Santo (east-central Brazil)

Early Archaic human skeletal remains found in a burial context in Lapa do Santo in eastcentral Brazil provide a rare glimpse into the lives of hunter-gatherer communities in South America, including their rituals for dealing with the dead. These included the reduction of the body by means of mutilation, defleshing, tooth removal, exposure to fire and possibly cannibalism, followed by the secondary burial of the remains according to strict rules. In a later period, pits were filled with disarticulated bones of a single individual without signs of body manipulation, demonstrating that the region was inhabited by dynamic groups in constant transformation over a period of centuries