Техніки графіки

Робоча програма навчальної дисципліни «Техніки графіки» для студенів спеціальності 023 «Образотворче мистецтво*, декоративне мистецтво, реставрація». Освітній рівень перший (бакалаврський) (2 курс, 3 семестр

Station 22 (A-D) and 23 (E-H) on 12 Aug. 2009.

<p>A, E. Temperature and Salinity CTD profiles. B, F. Cell and symbiont abundance. C., G. Chl a values. D., H. Nutrient and biogenic silica concentrations.</p

Summer Diatom Blooms in the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre: 2008–2009

<div><p>The summertime North Pacific subtropical gyre has widespread phytoplankton blooms between Hawaii and the subtropical front (∼30°N) that appear as chlorophyll (chl) increases in satellite ocean color data. Nitrogen-fixing diatom symbioses (diatom-diazotroph associations: DDAs) often increase 10²–10³ fold in these blooms and contribute to elevated export flux. In 2008 and 2009, two cruises targeted satellite chlorophyll blooms to examine DDA species abundance, chlorophyll concentration, biogenic silica concentration, and hydrography. Generalized observations that DDA blooms occur when the mixed layer depth is < 70 m are supported, but there is no consistent relationship between mixed layer depth, bloom intensity, or composition; regional blooms between 22–34°N occur within a broader temperature range (21–26°C) than previously reported. In both years, the <em>Hemiaulus-Richelia</em> and <em>Rhizosolenia-Richelia</em> DDAs increased 10²–10³ over background concentrations within satellite-defined bloom features. The two years share a common trend of <em>Hemiaulus</em> dominance of the DDAs and substantial increases in the >10 µm chl <em>a</em> fraction (∼40–90+% of total chl <em>a</em>). Integrated diatom abundance varied 10-fold over <10 km. Biogenic silica concentration tracked diatom abundance, was dominated by the >10 µm size fraction, and increased up to 5-fold in the blooms. The two years differed in the magnitude of the surface chl a increase (2009>2008), the abundance of pennate diatoms within the bloom (2009>2008), and the substantially greater mixed layer depth in 2009. Only the 2009 bloom had sufficient chl a in the >10 µm fraction to produce the observed ocean color chl increase. Blooms had high spatial variability; ocean color images likely average over numerous small events over time and space scales that exceed the individual event scale. Summertime DDA export flux noted at the Hawaii time-series Sta. ALOHA is probably a generalized feature of the eastern N. Pacific north to the subtropical front.</p> </div

Cruise tracks for 2008 and 2009.

<p>Surface salinity data from the ship’s underway sampling system is color coded along the shiptrack. The climatological mean position of the subtropical front <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0033109#pone.0033109-Roden1" target="_blank">[48]</a>, <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0033109#pone.0033109-Roden2" target="_blank">[49]</a> is shaded in light grey. Bloom areas were derived from ocean color data (see text for details).</p

Relationship between calculated and estimated Ω_Arag.

<p>The latter was approximated from measured pH_T and either TA_est (blue points and line, r² = 0.996, y = 0.998x + 0.0271) or a regional average TA (red points and line, r² = 0.996, y = 0.983x-0.0049). See text for details.</p

Upwelling as a driver of total alkalinity at Stearns Wharf.

<p>Total alkalinity (top) shows little connection to upwelling events, though there are occasional spikes in the upwelling index (dotted lines) that co-occur with changes in temperature and salinity.</p

Station information, 0–60 m integrated data (m⁻²) and surface chlorophyll (µg L⁻¹) from 2009.

<p>Station information, 0–60 m integrated data (m⁻²) and surface chlorophyll (µg L⁻¹) from 2009.</p

Station information, 0–60 m integrated data (m⁻²) and surface chlorophyll (µg L⁻¹) from 2008.

<p>Station information, 0–60 m integrated data (m⁻²) and surface chlorophyll (µg L⁻¹) from 2008.</p

Mixed layer depth versus 0–60 m integrated biomass and abundance.

<p>Error bars represent the range of mixed layer depths observed in multiple CTD casts at individual stations. A. <i>H. hauckii</i>, B. Orange-fluorescing <i>Richelia intracellaris</i> trichomes (filaments) enumerated from 2 liter filtered samples, C. <i>Mastogloia woodiana</i> and associated small pennate diatoms, D. Total (>0.45 µm) chl a, E. >10 µm fraction chl a, F. % chl a in >10 µm size fraction, G. Biogenic silica (>0.6 µm fraction). See methods for 1995, 2002, and 2003 regional data sources.</p

Comparison of two stations within the 2008 chl bloom.

<p>Vertical profiles of Sta. 3 &7 in 2008. A-D Station 3 (representative station), E-H Sta. 7 (highest abundance station). A, E. Temperature and Salinity CTD profiles. B, F. Cell and symbiont counts. C., G. Chl <i>a</i>. (CTD fluorescence, extracted and %>10 µm). D., H. Nutrient and biogenic silica concentrations.</p