Injury and Throwing Distance in Teenage Cyclist- Vehicle Crash

The study of the injury caused by vehicle-teenage cyclist crash is presented in this paper. The results of the crash with three vehicles: sedan, SUV and Pick up are compared. Three different positions are analyzed: front, rear and lateral position. The injury on the cyclist head is examined by HIC criterion, in the way indicated by the rules. A comparison is done between the results of the simulations for Pick up, SUV and sedan, concluding that the injury of the head is more dangerous for Pick-up impact than SUV or the sedan, but only at greater speed than 40 km/h. Teenage cyclist is more likely to suffer an injury to the chest in rear impacts with the sedan, because 3 ms values remain above the values obtained with the SUV and Pick up. Unlike Pick up could cause greater injury to the chest in the front and side impact because of greater height from the ground. The vehicle mass has not great importance, but only to low speed. Consideration is made that teenage cyclist has a better chance of surviving in the front impact collision than adult pedestrian, because HIC values remain consistently below the determined values. A further comparison is done between the impact points of the three vehicles concluding that both the shape of the bonnet and the height of the front part must be studied carefully in order to reduce the damage to cyclists and pedestrians. At last the throwing distance are calculated and compared with the literature data, concluding that they are strongly dependent on the relative position

HIC Evaluation in Teenage Cyclist – SUV Accident

The study of the crash between normal sedan and teenage cyclist was examined in previous paper, and is here continued analyzing the influence of the front part of the vehicle in the injury caused by the accident. The vehicle is a SUV, with high frontal part. No variation is executed on the model of the teenage cyclist and the bike. The position of the teenage cyclist regard to SUV is the same: three different positions are analyzed: front, rear and lateral position. The injury on the cyclist head is examined by HIC criterion, in the way indicated in the rules. Correlation HIC – AIS is used to calculate the lethality of the injuries. The work is arranged to calculate the damage to the chest by 3 ms criterion, which result is not yet ready. The principal conclusion is done that the injury of the head is more dangerous for the SUV impact than the sedan, but only to the maximum speed (50 km/h). A comparison is executed with the teenage pedestrian concluding that the pedestrian is subjected to greater injury, because the bike absorbs a part of the energy in the front and side crash. The more dangerous injury is the telescoping

Biomechanics Parameters in Teenage Cyclist – SUV Accident and Comparison with the Pedestrian

The study of the injury caused by the vehicle-teenage cyclist crash is presented in this paper. The vehicle is a SUV, with high frontal part, in order to compare the results with those obtained previously in the sedan- teenage cyclist crash and begin a study of the influence of the frontal shape of the vehicle. No variation is executed on the model of the teenage cyclist and the bike. Three different positions are analyzed: front, rear and lateral position. The injury on the cyclist head is examined by HIC criterion, in the way indicated in the rules. Correlation HIC – AIS is used to calculate the lethality of the injuries. The principal conclusion is done that the injury of the head is more dangerous for the SUV impact than the sedan, but only at the maximum speed (50 km/h). The injury to the chest is analyzed by 3 ms criterion; the injury is greater for the SUV impact than the sedan, but the entity is strongly dependent on the cyclist position. A comparison is executed with both the teenage and adult pedestrian concluding that the pedestrian is subjected to greater injury, because the bike absorbs a part of the energy in the front and side crash. The more dangerous injury is the telescoping. A further comparison show that the shape of the bonnet and the height of the frontal part have to be studied in an accurate way to reduce the injury to pedestrians and cyclists

Teenage cyclist - Pick up crash by multibody simulation; HIC evaluation and comparison with previous results

The study of the injury caused by Pick-up vehicle-teenage cyclist crash is presented in this paper. The vehicle has high frontal part, in order to compare the results with those obtained previously in the sedan and SUV - teenage cyclist crash. No variation is executed on the model of the teenage cyclist and the bike. Three different positions are analyzed: front, rear and lateral position. The injury on the cyclist head is examined by HIC criterion, in the way indicated in the rules. Correlation HIC – AIS is used to calculate the lethality of the injuries. A comparison is made between the results of the simulations for Pick up, SUV and sedan, concluding that the injury of the head is more dangerous for Pick-up impact than SUV and the sedan, but only at the maximum speed (50 km/h). This value of the speed can be considered critical, since HIC values are very high for all the three vehicles. The more dangerous injury is the side impact. A further comparison is done between the impact points of the three vehicles concluding that both the shape of the bonnet that the height of the front part must be studied carefully in order to reduce the damage to cyclists and pedestrians

The impact of chronic inflammatory enteropathy on dogs’ quality of life and dog-owner relationship

This research was aimed at evaluating the impact of canine chronic enteropathies on dogs’ quality of life (QoL), their behavior, and owner–dog relationship. Forty-four dogs suffering from primary chronic enteropathies were assessed on the first visit with a veterinary gastroenterologist and on the first follow-up visit using a 1–10 visual scale to evaluate five features of QoL, the Canine Chronic Enteropathy Clinical Activity Index, the Lexington Attachment to Pet Scale, and the Canine Behavioral Assessment and Research Questionnaire. They were compared to a control group of 49 healthy dogs and to a group of 50 dogs suffering from cancer. QoL and severity of enteropathy were negatively associated; enteropathic dogs on the first visit had a lower QoL than healthy dogs for all features and a lower general QoL than cancer patients; enteropathic dogs on the follow-up visit improved significantly for general QoL, health QoL, and interaction QoL. Higher levels of attachment between the owner and the dog were obtained for dogs affected by chronic enteropathies. Finally, dogs showed higher scores for separation-related behaviors and contact/attention behaviors on the first visit than on the subsequent follow-up. As in human medicine, chronic enteropathies have a strong negative impact on dogs

Destruction of a protected habitat by an invasive alien species: the case of Cydalima perspectalis (Walker, 1859) in the box tree formations of Liguria (North-West Italy) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae)

The box tree moth, Cydalima perspectalis (Walker, 1859), an invasive alien species of Asian origin associated with box trees, gained immediate attention in Europe due to the damage caused to ornamental stands and its rapid spread. However, its effects on natural box tree formations remained poorly investigated, especially in Southern Europe. In Liguria (North-West Italy), attacked xerotermophilous box tree formations on rocky substrate, a protected habitat (5110) after the Natura 2000 EU 92/43 Directive, seriously endangering its long-term survival. Since detection in 2013, this species defoliated almost the whole area covered by habitat 5110, until experiencing a population crash after depleting its only trophic resource. We present here the evolution of the invasion and the population dynamics of this invasive alien species in Liguria during the years 2016-2017