Vittecoq-et-al_Evolutionary-Biology

1. Ant behavioural reaction to stimuli presented at the entrance of the domatium for 3 minutes. 2. Ant behavioural reaction to leaflet damage and pure compounds, using the paired-leaves protocol. 3. Quantification of leaf compounds. Leaflets of three taxa of Leonardoxa africana (subspp. africana, letouzeyi and gracilicaulis) were soaked in hexane for 30 minutes. 2.9 µg of nonane was added to each sample as an internal standard. Amounts of (E)-2-hexenal and methyl salicylate were determined by gas chromatography / mass spectroscopy. 4. Antennal responses of ants (measured by electroantennography) to compounds. 5. Antennal responses of ants (measured by electroantennography) to increasing amounts of compounds

Genetic diversity, inbreeding and cancer – Supplementary material

Table S1. Examples showing the effect of loss of genetic diversity and inbreeding on organismal fitness*. N: number on samples analysed, A: average number of alleles, HE: Expected heterozygosity. Table S2. Examples of cancer cases in humans, domestic animals and wildlife, including their suggested causes (categorised as reduced genetic diversity ●, pollution ●, mitigated by parasite infection ●, and transmissible and thus mitigated by interactions with infected conspecifics or related species ●). N: number on samples analysed, A: average number of alleles, HE: Expected heterozygosity

AIV infection rates in shot ducks.

<p>AIV infection rates in shot ducks.</p

Situation of the sampling sites.

<p>Green circles represent the hunting estates where dead Mallards were sampled. Red circles represent the game bird facilities. One of the rearing estate (further named GBF3) is not represented since it is situated 50 km east from Arles, but the Mallards were sampled just before their release in several ponds of Fos–sur–Mer.</p

Molecular characteristics of the H10N7 Camargue strain. Amino acid substitutions related to known phenotypic traits identified for the H10N7 Camargue strain are in bold.

<p>Molecular characteristics of the H10N7 Camargue strain. Amino acid substitutions related to known phenotypic traits identified for the H10N7 Camargue strain are in bold.</p

Phylogenetic trees of H10N7 Camargue viruses.

<p>ML phylogenies reconstructed from sequences of the H10, N7, PB2 and M segments. Topological supports summarized from 100 ML bootstrap replications are shown when ≥90. H10N7 Camargue viruses are in purple. Egyptian strains are shown in orange. American viruses are in green. Asian H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza strains are in yellow.</p

AIV infection rates in hand-reared ducks.

<p>AIV infection rates in hand-reared ducks.</p

Calculated structures of Aedesin.

<p>(A) Superimposition of the 20 structures of Aedesin using backbone atoms. (B,C) the structures were aligned by two sections which are helix 1 from residues Lys³⁰ to Lys⁴⁸, and helix 2 from residues Val⁵² to Ile⁵⁹, respectively.</p

Electron microscopic analysis of Aedesin-treated bacteria.

<p><i>E. coli</i> were either untreated (A,D) or incubated with VG26-61 (B,E) or Aedesin (C,F), respectively for 2 h at 37°C, prepared as indicated in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0105441#s2" target="_blank">Materials and Methods</a> and analyzed by transmission (A–C) and scanning (D–F) electron microscopy.</p

Circular dichroism of Aedesin in the presence of SDS micelles.

<p>CD spectra of the peptide were measured in phosphate buffer containing 137 mM NaF at SDS concentrations of 0, 1, 5 and 100 mM.</p