25 research outputs found
WNV+ subject characteristics.
<p>N/A, not available.</p>a<p>Highest number of symptoms reported on either questionnaire.</p>b<p>Female (F) and male (M).</p>c<p>Antibody interpretation at index: positive (+), negative (β), or equivocal (E).</p>d<p>AS is for asymptomatic when peak symptom number β€3 and S is for symptomatic when peak symptom number β₯4.</p
Phenotyping IFN-Ξ³ secreting T cells in response to stimulation.
<p>The frequency of IFN-Ξ³-producing Tim-3<sup>β</sup> and Tim-3<sup>+</sup> CD4<sup>+</sup> T cells (A) and CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells (B) collected 30 days post-index from 6 HLA-A02 WNV-infected donors are shown after stimulation in the presence or absence of anti-CD3/anti-CD28 monoclonal antibodies, WNV peptide pool, and SVG9 peptide; Ratios of IFN-Ξ³<sup>+</sup>/IFN-Ξ³<sup>β</sup> cells within Tim-3<sup>β</sup> and Tim-3<sup>+</sup> are shown for CD4<sup>+</sup> T cells (C) and CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells (D). The histograms indicate the means and the error bars represent the SEM. **<i>p</i> <0.01, *<i>p</i> <0.05, and *** <i>p</i> <0.001 by <i>t</i>-test.</p
Frequencies of Tim-3 and PD-1 expressing T cells compared over the course of WNV infection in groups with different disease outcome.
<p>The graphs below demonstrate the change of frequencies of (A) Tim-3<sup>+</sup>, (B) PD-1<sup>+</sup>, (C) Tim-3<sup>+</sup>PD-1<sup>β</sup>, and (D) Tim-3<sup>+</sup>PD-1<sup>+</sup> CD4<sup>+</sup> (left panel) and CD8<sup>+</sup> (right panel) T cell subsets in asymptomatic (AS, circles/solid lines, nβ=β24) and symptomatic (S, squares/dash lines, nβ=β8) WNV-infected subjects 14, 30, 90, and 365 days post-index donation. The frequencies of the same cells in uninfected controls are displayed (WNVβ, triangles, nβ=β26). The symbols indicate the means and the error bars represent the SEM. The <i>p</i>-values of the pairwise comparisons between asymptomatic and symptomatic groups are indicated by *<i>p</i> <0.05, ** <i>p</i> <0.01, and *** <i>p</i> <0.001 above time-points when groups were compared at a given time-point by Mann-Whitney test. The <i>p</i>-values of the comparison between asymptomatic and symptomatic groups are indicated by ** adjacent to the cell subset title for <i>p</i> <0.01 over the time of post-index by generalized estimated equation (GEE).</p
Gating strategy for phenotyping IFN-Ξ³ secreting T cells in response to stimulation.
<p>The frequencies of Tim-3<sup>+</sup> and Tim-3<sup>β</sup> IFN-Ξ³ secreting CD4<sup>+</sup> and CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells were measured in PBMC collected at day 30 post-index from 6 HLA-A02 WNV-infected donors and incubated with or without anti-CD3/anti-CD28 mAbs, WNV peptide pool, and SVG9 tetramer. Tim-3<sup>β</sup> and Tim-3<sup>+</sup> CD4<sup>+</sup> and CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells were analyzed for IFN-Ξ³ secretion. The gates were set using fluorescence minus one controls. Dot-plots for CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells from all 6 WNV+ subjects in different stimulation conditions are shown.</p
Gating strategy for measuring CD28 differentiation and CD57 senescence makers on T cells.
<p>The plots show (A) the gating strategy for live CD3<sup>+</sup> lymphocytes, (B) for CD4<sup>+</sup> (left) and CD8<sup>+</sup> (right) T cells. Gates were set on FMO no CD28 (C) and FMO no CD57 (D). Plots are shown for representative (E) West Nile virus (WNV) uninfected controls (WNVβ) and (F) WNV infected subjects (WNV+) day 14 post-index donation.</p
Differentiation status and functional capacity of Tim-3<sup>+</sup> T cells in acute West Nile virus infection.
<p>The graphs show, through the course of WNV infection, the frequencies of Tim-3<sup>+</sup> CD28<sup>+</sup>CD57<sup>β</sup>, CD28<sup>β</sup>CD57<sup>β</sup> and CD28<sup>β</sup>CD57<sup>+</sup> (A) CD4<sup>+</sup> and (B) CD8<sup>+</sup> T cell subsets in asymptomatic (AS, circles/solid lines, nβ=β24) and symptomatic (S, squares/dash lines, nβ=β8) WNV+ subjects 14, 30, 90, and 365 days post-index donation. The frequencies of the same cells in uninfected controls are displayed (WNV-, triangles, nβ=β26). The symbols indicate the means and the error bars represent the SEM. **<i>p</i> <0.01, *<i>p</i> <0.05, and *** <i>p</i> <0.001 by Mann-Whitney. The <i>p</i>-values of the comparison between asymptomatic and symptomatic groups are indicated by ** adjacent to the cell subset title for <i>p</i> <0.01 over the time post-index by GEE.</p
Gating strategy for measuring Tim-3 and PD-1 inhibitory receptors on T cells.
<p>The plots show (A) the gating strategy for live CD3<sup>+</sup> lymphocytes, (B) for CD4<sup>+</sup> (left) and CD8<sup>+</sup> (right) T cells. Gates were set on FMO no Tim-3 (C) and FMO no PD-1 (D). The gating of cells expressing Tim-3 and PD-1 is shown for representative (E) WNVβ and (F) WNV+ subjects day 14 post-index donation.</p
IL-1Ξ² signaling is important for limiting neuropathology within the CNS.
<p>Histological analysis from day 10 p.i. sagittally cut brain sections from paraffin embedded tissue. Representative formalin-fixed hematoxylin and eosin-stained sections of day 10 p.i. brains from WT (top panels) and <i>Il-1rβ/β</i> (bottom panels) sections (<b>A</b>). Brain areas as indicated in figure. Original magnification 600Γ. In all regions of the WT brain, the sections are histologically unremarkable whereas lesions were readily apparent in the <i>Il1r</i><sup>β/β</sup> tissues. Brainstem: black arrows indicate perivascular regions; note the mildly increased cellularity in the <i>Il1r</i><sup>β/β</sup> vessel wall and immediate perivascular space. Forebrain: there is a mild focus of acute perivascular hemorrhage (arrow). Midbrain: There is a focus of mild inflammation associated with shrunken and eosinophilic neuron suggestive of neuronal degeneration (white arrow) which was in association with inflammatory infiltrates. Meninges: Black arrow indicates expansion of the meninges with moderate inflammatory infiltrates; compare to WT which is histologically unremarkable. Data are representative of two animals per genotype. (<b>B</b>) Representative day 10 p.i. Mac-2 immunohistochemical stained sections (brain regions are as indicated in the figure) in WT (top panel) or <i>Il-1r<sup>β/β</sup></i> (bottom panel) sections. Positive signal is as indicated by brown staining; original magnification for all panels, 200Γ. Mac-2 <sup>+</sup> cells are present perivascularly (black arrows) and in the adjacent parenchyma (Non-specific staining of the choroid is present (WT top panel hippocampus-thalamus) and <i>Il-1r<sup>β/β</sup></i> (data not shown). (<b>C</b>) Quantification of MAC-2 signal to tissue ratio.</p
IL-1Ξ² signaling is critical for regulating CD8<sup>+</sup> T cell effector activity within the CNS.
<p>Examination of T lymphocyte effector activity in the CNS by flow cytometry. Cell were isolated from the brains of mock or day 6β10 p.i. WT (closed circles) or <i>Il-1r<sup>β/β</sup></i>(open squares) and staining for CD3, CD8 and WNV-NS4b tetramer was performed. Quantitation of CD3<sup>+</sup>/CD8+ T lymphocytes (<b>A</b>), CD3<sup>+</sup>/CD8<sup>+</sup>/NS4b<sup>+</sup> (<b>B</b>) as derived from total cell numbers or frequency of CD3<sup>+</sup>/CD8<sup>+</sup>/NS4b<sup>+</sup> cells (<b>C</b>). Brains were harvested from day 8 or 10 p.i. and stimulated with 1 Β΅M WNV-NS4b for 4 hrs (<b>D,E, H,I</b>) and assessed for cytokine expression by intracellular staining. Representative dot-plot analysis for IFN-Ξ³ and TNF-Ξ± expression at day 10 p.i. in the brain (<b>D</b>) or perforin and granzyme B (<b>H</b>). Data are shown as percent cytokine positive for WT (closed box) or <i>Il-1r<sup>β/β</sup></i> (open box) (<b>E,I</b>). Quantification of IFN-Ξ³ secretion by ELISA. Total brain cells (2.5e5) were stimulated with NS4b for 24 hrs and IFN-Ξ³ was quantified by ELISA for WT (closed circles) and <i>Il-1r<sup>β/β</sup></i> (open squares) cells (<b>F</b>). Data are shown as mean +/β S.E.M. for nβ=β3β4 mice per time-point (<b>AβE, H,I</b>) or nβ=β3β7 (<b>F</b>) and are representative of 2β3 independent experiments. *p<0.05, ** p<0.005.</p
IL-1Ξ² signaling and the NRLP3 inflammasome are required for immunity against WNV.
<p>6β10 wk old age matched WT (closed circles; nβ=β26) or <i>Il-1r<sup>β/β</sup></i> (open squares; nβ=β14) (<b>A</b>) or <i>Caspase-1<sup>β/β</sup></i> (open circles; nβ=β12) and <i>Nlrp3<sup>β/β</sup></i> (closed square; nβ=β12) (<b>D</b>) or WT (closed circles, nβ=β5) and <i>Nlrc4<sup>β/β</sup></i> (open circles; nβ=β4) (<b>E</b>) or WT (closed circles, nβ=β5) and <i>Myd88<sup>β/β</sup></i> (closed square; nβ=β5) (<b>F</b>) animals were infected with 100 PFU WNV-TX via s.c. foot-pad inoculation and monitored for survival over the course of 14β16 days (<b>A, DβF</b>). Infected WT (closed circles) or <i>Il-1r<sup>β/β</sup></i> (open squares) animals from panel A, were monitored daily for weight loss (<b>B</b>) or scored for hind limb paralysis and morbidity (<b>C</b>) to day 16 post infection. *p<0.05, ** p<0.005, *** p<0.0005.</p