Cost analysis.

<p>(A) Stimulus Position by Laterality interaction, (B) Task main effect and (C) Task by Target Position interaction. (D) Correlation between behavioral (RTs) and electrophysiological costs for LVF targets in the Visual Dual task: the greater the increase of activation in posterior right sites, the faster the RTs. * significant post-hoc comparisons. LH = Left Hemisphere; RH = Right Hemisphere.</p

Right Visual Field: Grand mean average potential and spline maps.

<p>P1 (left side), N1 (horizontal) and N2 (right side) components of RVF stimuli during Single (dashed green lines), Visual Dual (full red lines) and Auditory Dual task (dotted blue lines) are represented. Negativity is shown upwards.</p

Trial structure of the Single task (top panel) and of Dual tasks (bottom panel).

<p>Across all tasks several stimuli were presented: lateralized dot(s), a central form and a binaurally presented sound. In the Single task participants only had to report the position of the dot. In Dual tasks after the response to dot(s) position, participants had to report the identity of the central shape (Visual Dual-task: left side, bottom panel) or the pitch of the sound (Auditory Dual-task: right side, bottom panel).</p

N2 component.

<p>Target Position by Laterality interaction on (A) central and (B) posterior sites. On posterior sites only, Task main effect (C) and Task by Target Position interaction (D) were significant. (E) sLORETA source analyses of LVF and RVF stimuli during Single (left panel) and Visual Dual tasks (right panel). The white dot indexes target position (left vs. right). * significant post-hoc comparisons. LH = Left Hemisphere; RH = Right Hemisphere.</p

N1 component elicited on posterior sites.

<p>(A) Target position by Laterality interaction and (B) sLORETA source analyses of LVF and RVF stimuli collapsed across all tasks. The white dot indexes target position (left vs. right). LH = Left Hemisphere; RH = Right Hemisphere.</p

Left Visual Field: Grand mean average potential and spline maps.

<p>P1 (left side), N1 (horizontal) and N2 (right side) components of LVF stimuli during Single (dashed green lines), Visual Dual (full red lines) and Auditory Dual task (dotted blue lines) are represented. Negativity is shown upwards.</p

The Fear of COVID-19 Scale: Its Structure and Measurement Invariance Across 48 Countries

COVID-19 has been a source of fear around the world. We asked whether the measurement of this fear is trust worthy and comparable across countries. In particular, we explored the measurement invariance and cross-cultural replicability of the widely-used Fear of COVID-19scale(FCV-19S), testing community samples from 48countries (N= 14,558). The findings indicate that the FCV-19Shas a somewhat problematic structure, yet the one-factor solution is replicable across cultural contexts and could be used in studies that compare people who vary on gender and educational level. The validity of the scale is supported by a consistent pattern of positive correlations with perceived stress and general anxiety. However, given the unclear structure of the FCV-19S, we recommend using latent factor scores, instead of raw scores, especially in cross-cultural comparisons

Grandiose narcissism, unfounded beliefs, and behavioral reactions during the COVID-19 pandemic

A theoretical perspective on grandiose narcissism suggests four forms of it (sanctity, admiration, heroism, rivalry) and states that these forms conduce to different ways of thinking and acting. Guided by this perspective, we examined in a multinational and multicultural study (61 countries; N = 15,039) how narcissism forms are linked to cognitions and behaviors prompted by the COVID-19 pandemic. As expected, differences in cognitions and behaviors across narcissism forms emerged. For example, higher narcissistic rivalry predicted lower likelihood of enactment of COVID-19 prevention behaviors, but higher narcissistic sanctity predicted higher likelihood of enactment of COVID-19 prevention behaviors. Further, whereas the heroism, admiration, and rivalry narcissism forms acted in a typically antisocial manner, with high narcissism predicting greater endorsement of unfounded health beliefs, the sanctity form acted in a prosocial manner, with higher narcissism being linked to lower endorsement of unfounded COVID-19 health beliefs. Thus, the findings (a) support the idea of four narcissism forms acting differently, and (b) show that these differences reflect a double-edged sword, sometimes linking to an anti-social orientation, and sometimes linking to a pro-social orientation.</p