Age at diagnosis in sample groups.

DNA positive group consists of samples tested positive for DNA and negative for RNA, while the RNA positive group tested positive for both DNA and RNA.</p

Patient clinical characteristics.

Patient clinical characteristics.</p

Overall survival of OPSCC patients based on HPV positivity, p16 data, and T and N classification.

Overall survival of OPSCC patients based on HPV positivity, p16 data, and T and N classification.</p

Overall survival of OPSCC patients based type of therapy, on 7th edition and 8th edition of staging guidelines and combined risk level (HPV status and T/N classification) based on those proposed by Ang et al. [24].

Overall survival of OPSCC patients based type of therapy, on 7th edition and 8th edition of staging guidelines and combined risk level (HPV status and T/N classification) based on those proposed by Ang et al. [24].</p

Characteristics of the study population.

Characteristics of the study population.</p

Univariate proportional hazard regression of patient survival for tested variables.

Univariate proportional hazard regression of patient survival for tested variables.</p

Multivariate proportional hazard regression models for tested variables.

Multivariate proportional hazard regression models for tested variables.</p

Overall survival of OPSCC patients based on the gender, age group at the time of diagnosis, smoking history and alcohol use.

Overall survival of OPSCC patients based on the gender, age group at the time of diagnosis, smoking history and alcohol use.</p

The global epidemiology and health burden of the autism spectrum: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

Background: High-quality estimates of the epidemiology of the autism spectrum and the health needs of autistic people are necessary for service planners and resource allocators. Here we present the global prevalence and health burden of autism spectrum disorder from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 following improvements to the epidemiological data and burden estimation methods. Methods: For GBD 2021, a systematic literature review involving searches in PubMed, Embase, PsycINFO, the Global Health Data Exchange, and consultation with experts identified data on the epidemiology of autism spectrum disorder. Eligible data were used to estimate prevalence via a Bayesian meta-regression tool (DisMod-MR 2.1). Modelled prevalence and disability weights were used to estimate health burden in years lived with disability (YLDs) as the measure of non-fatal health burden and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) as the measure of overall health burden. Data by ethnicity were not available. People with lived experience of autism were involved in the design, preparation, interpretation, and writing of this Article. Findings: An estimated 61·8 million (95% uncertainty interval 52·1–72·7) individuals (one in every 127 people) were on the autism spectrum globally in 2021. The global age-standardised prevalence was 788·3 (663·8–927·2) per 100 000 people, equivalent to 1064·7 (898·5–1245·7) autistic males per 100 000 males and 508·1 (424·6–604·3) autistic females per 100 000 females. Autism spectrum disorder accounted for 11·5 million (7·8–16·3) DALYs, equivalent to 147·6 (100·2–208·2) DALYs per 100 000 people (age-standardised) globally. At the super-region level, age-standardised DALY rates ranged from 126·5 (86·0–178·0) per 100 000 people in southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania to 204·1 (140·7–284·7) per 100 000 people in the high-income super-region. DALYs were evident across the lifespan, emerging for children younger than age 5 years (169·2 [115·0–237·4] DALYs per 100 000 people) and decreasing with age (163·4 [110·6–229·8] DALYs per 100 000 people younger than 20 years and 137·7 [93·9–194·5] DALYs per 100 000 people aged 20 years and older). Autism spectrum disorder was ranked within the top-ten causes of non-fatal health burden for people younger than 20 years. Interpretation: The high prevalence and high rank for non-fatal health burden of autism spectrum disorder in people younger than 20 years underscore the importance of early detection and support to autistic young people and their caregivers globally. Work to improve the precision and global representation of our findings is required, starting with better global coverage of epidemiological data so that geographical variations can be better ascertained. The work presented here can guide future research efforts, and importantly, decisions concerning allocation of health services that better address the needs of all autistic individuals. Funding: Queensland Health and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.</p

Diabetes mortality and trends before 25 years of age: an analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Diabetes mortality and trends before 25 years of age: an analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 201