International-legal regulation as a determinant for measures and procedures of the compentent state authorities towards diplomatic-consular representatives

In this paper, the rights and obligations of states under the 1961 Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations and diplomatic immunity are commented on, as well as that the state must respect them and provide additional protection and assurance to diplomats and their missions; the following heading discusses whether diplomats abuse their privileged position, including examples of how the most frequent abuses are committed, and that diplomats have a duty to obey the laws of the receiving state; and finally, dominantly, we discuss how the whole state can respond to the Convention and the laws through the diverse practice of the competent authorities, along with the examples. The methodological approach in this paper is based on the analysis of the content of international-legal documents, and the analysis of the content of scientific material (textbooks, monographs, studies, PhD and master’s theses, books of proceedings, journals, exercise books)

Stvaranje odbrambeno-vojne strukture u Evropskoj uniji - prepreke i mogućnosti

European security and defence policy represents a main part of European Union’s structure and is institutionally connected to common foreign and security policy. However, because of great significance of defence policy for national security of member countries, long-term domination of NATO, and USA showing interest in security issues in Europe, the development of this field had somewhat different dynamic, in compartment to other fields. There were several unsuccessful attempts in the field of forming common Euro­pean defence: Fouchet plan - European Defence Community; Gensher-Colombo plan - extension of European political cooperation to defence and security issues. Concrete success was achieved at the conference in Brussels in 1948, which resulted in Brussels agreement - a military union was formed -Western European Union. An event, which is later going to prove itself as a very significant one, helped development of military-defence dimension of European Union. It is the signing of St. Petersburg declaration in 1992, for the purpose of accomplishing next tasks: humanitarian and rescuing operations; peacekeeping operations; militant operations of crisis management, including infliction of peace.Rukovođena različitim motivima, u delikatnim vremenskim i prostornim okvirima, evropska integracija je obuhvatala sve veći broj oblasti, koje su u viševekovnoj tradiciji predstavljale ekskluzivne nadležnosti država. Evropa je kolevka koncepta državnog suvereniteta, koji su evropske države -nacije izdigle na nivo osnovnog organizujućeg principa međunarodnog poretka. Dok je taj "stisak" državnog suvereniteta popuštao u drugim oblastima, pitanje bezbednosti i odbrane se oduvek tumačilo kao pitanje opstanka. Ispostavilo se da je odbrambeno-vojna dimenzija evropske integracije najosetljivija, na putu od rata do ustava, koji je prošla Evropa u poslednjih pola veka. Ipak, bez ove dimenzije, Evropska unija ne može izraziti svoju moć na globalnom nivou, bez obzira na sve ostale parametre koji ukazuju na njene ostale oblike moći

Relationship between foreign policy and national security

Од појаве модерне државе, па чак и раније у периоду првих, рудиментарних државоколиких облика, питање рата и мира је средишњи појам који пресудно утиче на сам опстанак државе, па и појединца и човечанства у целини, без обзира о ком се раздобљу или конкретном политичком систему ради.Основно питање на које се тражи одговор у овом раду је: Који се однос механизмима спољне политике и националне безбедности може сматрати најбољим у настојањима државе да оствари и заштити виталне интересе, базирајући своју активност на коришћењу дозвољених средстава по међународном праву у мирнодопским условима, и искључујући могућност употребе поступака везаних за принуду као додатни аргумент, обзиром да моћ претежног броја држава и међународно право забрањују такву варијанту у савременим условима развоја међународних односа?За сваки од сегмената овог рада најпре се сагледавају досадашња искуства, тј. како се то одвијало у досадашњој теорији и пракси спољне политике и националне безбедности, и њиховом међусобном односу, али и са критичким освртом на досадашњу ситуацију и указивање како би све то што је проблематично могло да се превазиђе и изгледа у будућности односа међу државама, и уопште у међународној заједници. У последњем делу рада ће бити објашњено која би то најбоља варијанта односа могла да буде.У првом делу ће се размотрити теоријска схватања и разграничења односа спољне политике и националне безбедности. То ће се постићи кроз анализу схватања спољне политике, њено теоријско и појмовно одређење, обухват и разграничење са унутрашњом политиком, њихову међузависност и међусобан однос са националном безбедношћу државе, тј. разграничење поља политике и поља безбедности. Затим, анализу схватања националне безбедности државе и њено теоријско и појмовно одређење, класификацију и типологизацију осталих референтних објеката у обухвату националне безбедности државе (безбедност појединца, безбедност друштва) и однос са другим нивоима безбедности (међународна безбедност и глобална безбедност).7У погледу интереса/вредности, објашњавају се релације интереси/вредности – циљеви, правно регулисање и врсте државних интереса/вредности и однос спољне политике и националне безбедности државе према њима.Системи спољне политике и националне безбедности су повезани, јер најважнији државни руководиоци су надлежни и за питања спољне политике и националне безбедности, и по заједничком учешћу у политичким телима, као што је на пример Савет за националну безбедност.У раду ће се сагледати начин на који се одвија процес креирања спољне политике, и однос са системом безбедности, пре свега у виду снабдевања информацијама државног руководства за спољнополитичке одлуке. Ту је присутна и улога субјеката из система националне безбедности у појединим фазама поступка креирања спољне политике, средства и носиоци који се појављују у овим фазама. У том контексту приказује се стање онако какво је, и заузима се став да спољна политика треба да буде отворена, да се не користе нелегитимни методи по међународном праву, већ само оно што је доступно из јавних извора, легитимним методама.Такође и за део реализације, у једном сегменту ће се објаснити да би било најбоље да се користе само средства и поступци који су мирни, без оружаних, тајних интервенција, само дипломатски и правни као начини за решавање проблема. Овде се објашњава који спољнополитички поступци постоје, и који се спроводе, међутим, износи се став да се требају и могу користити само мирољубиви поступци, и да треба ревидирати питања употребе војне силе, субверзивних поступака, и сл.Најзад, разматрања се могу сумирати у ставу да је најбољи однос спољне политике и националне безбедности, онај који се заснива на поштовању своје државе и поштовању свих осталих субјеката међународних односа, пријатељству и мирољубивој коегзистенцији.Since the beginning of the modern state, and even earlier in the period of the first rudimentary state-like forms, the question of war and peace has been the pivotal concept which crucially influences the very survival of the state, but also the individual and humankind as a whole, regardless of the time period or particular political system.The fundamental question to which the answer is sought in this dissertation is: what kind of relationship of foreign policy and national security mechanisms can be considered the best in the endeavours of a state to achieve and protect vital interests, basing its activity on the use of the means allowed for peace time conditions according to the international law, and excluding the possibility to use means of coercion as additional argument, considering that the power of prevailing number of countries and the international law forbid such a variant in contemporary conditions of international relations development.For each segment of this dissertation the experiences so far are considered first, i.e. what happened so far in theory and practice of foreign policy and national security and their mutual relationship, but there is also a critical review of the situation so far and suggestions how everything problematic could be overcome and how the relations between the states in the future might look like, and generally in the international community. The last part of the dissertation will offer the explanation as to which variant of the relations might be the best.The first part will consider the theoretical concepts and separation of the relationship between foreign policy and national security. This will be achieved through the analysis of the concept of foreign policy, its theoretical and conceptual determination, coverage and the separation from national policy, the interdependence and mutual relationship with state’s national security, i.e. the separation between politics and security fields. Then, there is analysis of concept of state’s national security and its theoretical and conceptual determination, classification and typology of other reference objects within the scope of state’s national security (security of an individual, security of a society) and the relationship with other levels of security (international security and global security).10With regard to the interests/values, the relationship interests/values–goals are explained, legal regulation and types of state’s interests/values and the relationship of foreign policy and national security of the state towards them.The systems of foreign policy and national security are connected, since the most important statesmen are in charge of both the foreign policy and national security matters, and they commonly take part in political bodies, such as for instance the Council for national security.The dissertation will consider the manner in which the process of foreign policy creation is carried out and the relationship with security system, primarily in the form of providing information to the statesmen related to foreign-policy decisions. There is also the role of subjects of the national security system in certain stages of foreign policy creation process, the means and carriers who appear in these stages. Within this context the current state-of-affairs is presented, and the stand is taken that foreign policy should be open, that illegitimate methods should not be used in international law but only what is available from public sources, legitimate methods.In addition to this a part of dissertation will explain that it would be best to use only the means and procedures that are peaceful, without armed secret interventions, but only diplomatic and legal manners of problem solving. It is explained here which foreign policy procedures exist and which ones are carried out, however, the standpoint is also presented that only peaceful procedures should and can be used and that it should revise the matters regarding the use of military power, subversive procedures, and similar.Finally, considerations can be summed up in an attitude that the best relationship between foreign policy and national security is the one which is based on respect of one’s own state as well as the respect of all other subjects in international relations, friendship and peaceful coexistence

The accuracy and reliability of qualitative and quantitative radiological methods for dental and skeletal age estimation

Procena dentalnog i skeletnog uzrasta se koristi u svakodnevnom kliničkom radu u okviru mnogobrojnih stomatoloških grana kao što su dečja i preventivna stomatologija, ortopedija vilica, maksilofacijalna hirurgija, dentalna implantologija ali i u okviru nekih medicinskih grana kao što su dečja endokrinologija, humana antropologija i forenzička medicina. Dobijeni podaci o dentalnoj i skeletnoj zrelosti mogu pomoći u: proceni optimalnog vremena kada započeti planirani ortodontski tretman; odluci o vrsti ortodontskog tretmana i koju vrstu ortodontskog aparata primeniti; kao i odluci da li i kada uraditi ekstrakciju zuba. Dentalni i skeletni uzrast osobe mogu biti od velike pomoći prilikom procesa identifikacije osoba u okviru masovnih nesreća i katastrofa, tokom policijske istrage i sudsko-medicinskih procesa kao što su usvajanje deteta, sklapanje braka sa maloletnom osobom, optužbe za silovanje, procene krivične odgovornosti, određivanje krivične kazne, kao i za brojna pravna pitanja vezana za migrante koji ne poseduju ni jedan lični dokument koji bi potvrdio njihov datum rođenja odnosno njihovu hronološku starost. Kvalitativne metode za procenu dentalnog uzrasta podrazumevaju analizu stepena mineralizacije zuba, najčešće na ortopantomografskom snimku. Postoji nekoliko opisanih kvalitativnih metoda, od kojih se Demirjianova (Demirjian) i Vilemsova (Willems) metoda najčešće koriste. Veliki broj istraživanja je pokazao da je Vilemsova metoda pouzdanija i preciznija u proceni dentalnog uzrasta u odnosu na Demirjianovu metodu. Ispitivanje koje je rađeno na srpskoj populaciji takođe pokazuje da je Vilemsova metoda pouzdanija za procenu dentalnog uzrasta u odnosu na Demirjianovu metodu. Kamerijere (Cameriere) i saradnici su 2006. godine osmislili kvantitativnu metodu za procenu dentalnog uzrasta. Metoda otvorenih apeksa podrazumeva primenu Evropske formule za procenu dentalnog uzrasta nakon analize i premeravanja određenih linearnih parametara stalnih zuba u donjem levom kvadrantu, na ortopantomografskom snimku. Predložena Evropska formula za procenu dentalnog uzrasta devojčica i dečaka uzrasta do 15,99 godina je testirana u mnogobrojnim populacijama i pokazala se kao uspešna i pouzdana metoda. Metoda otvorenih apeksa tj. Evropska formula do sada nije bila testirana u srpskoj populaciji. Procena skeletne zrelosti se može uraditi analizom snimka šake ili profilnog telerendgenskog snimka glave pacijenta. Baćeti (Baccetti) i saradnici su 2005. godine objavili metodu za procenu skeletne zrelosti. U okviru ove metode kvalitativno su opisane promene u izgledu donje ivice tela drugog, trećeg i četvrtog vratrnog pršljena kao i promene u veličini odnosno obliku tela trećeg i četvrtog vratnog pršljena. Često kliničari ne mogu jasno definisati stadijum skeletne zrelosti jer je profilni snimak glave napravljen u prelaznom, među-periodu između dva stadijuma što ukazuje na objektivnu potrebu za kvantitativnom metodom za procenu skeletnog uzrasta. U prvom delu istraživanja, analizirano je 423 ortopantomografska snimka (192 dečaka i 231 devojčica), građana Republike Srbije, hronološkog uzrasta 5,00 – 15,99 godina. Dentalni uzrast je određen pomoću Vilemsove metode i metode otvorenih apeksa. Intraklasni koeficijenti korelacije (ICC) između procenjenog dentalnog i hronološkog uzrasta su izračunati za svaki metod i pol, kao i procenat pojedinaca čija procenjena dentalna starost se razlikovala od hronološke starosti unutar opsega ± 0,5 godina. U drugom delu istraživanja, prikupljeno je 333 ortopantomografska snimka zdrave srpske dece uzrasta 5 – 14 godina. Na ovom studijskom uzorku, ispitivani su linearni morfološki parametri zuba sa nezavršenim rastom korena u cilju određivanja najznačajnijih prediktora dentalnog uzrasta jedne osobe...Assessment of dental and skeletal age is used in everyday clinical work within many dental branches such as pediatric and preventive dentistry, orthodontics, maxillofacial surgery, dental implantology but also within some medical branches such as pediatric endocrinology, human anthropology and forensic medicine. The dental and skeletal maturity obtained data can help in determining the optimal time to begin the planned orthodontic treatment, choosing on the type of orthodontic treatment and which type of orthodontic appliance to use, and deciding whether or not to extract teeth. The dental and skeletal age of a person can be very useful in the process of identifying people in mass accidents and disasters, during police investigations and forensic processes such as child adoption, marrying a minor, rape charges, criminal liability assessments, determining criminal penalties, and numerous legal issues related to migrants who do not have a personal document that would confirm their date of birth or chronological age. Qualitative methods for assessing dental age include analysis of the degree of tooth mineralization, most often on the panoramic radiographs. There are several described qualitative methods, the most popular of which are the Demirjian’ and Willems methods. A large number of studies had shown that the Willems method is more reliable and accurate in estimating dental age compared to the Demirjian method. A study conducted on the Serbian population also shows that the Willems method is more reliable for estimating dental age than the Demirjian method. Cameriere et al. developed a quantitative method for determining dental age in 2006. The "open apices measurements" method indicates the application of the European formula for the assessment of dental age after the analysis and measurement of certain linear parameters of permanent teeth in the lower left quadrant of the panoramic radiograph. The proposed European formula for estimating the dental age of girls and boys up to the age of 15.99 has been demonstrated to be an accurate and reliable method in different populations. The "open apices measurements" method, ie. the European formula has not yet been tested in the Serbian population. Assessment of skeletal maturity can be determined by analysing the hand-wrist radiograph or lateral cephalogram. Baccetti et al. published a method for measuring skeletal maturity in 2005. Within this method, variations in the appearance of the lower border of the second, third, and fourth cervical vertebra bodies as well as changes in the size and form of the third and fourth cervical vertebra bodies are qualitatively described. Often clinicians cannot clearly define the stage of skeletal maturity because the lateral cephalogram was taken in a transitional period between the two stages, indicating an objective need for a quantitative method for determining skeletal age. In the first part of the research, 423 panoramic radiographs (192 boys and 231 girls) of citizens of the Republic of Serbia, aged 5,00 – 15,99 years, were evaluated. Dental age was determined using the Willems method and the "open apices measurements" method. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) between estimated dental and chronological age were calculated for each method and sex, as well as the percentage of those whose estimated dental age deviated from chronological age by less than 0,5 years. In the second part of the research, 333 panoramic radiographs of healthy Serbian children aged 5 – 14 was collected. In this study sample, linear morphological parameters of teeth with incomplete root development were examined in order to find the most important predictors of person’s dental age. A new, the BAF formula (Belgrade Age Formula) for assessing dental age, has been developed and tested using the same Serbian study sample. BAF was also evaluated in a new Serbian validation sample of 126 children and 2115 Italian children aged 5 – 14 years..

THE TECHNIQUE FOR EXTRAPOLATION OF ROCK MASS INITIAL PARAMETERS DURING THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE TUNNEL

It is important to perform research to the degree that it is adequate to identify the features of the terrain composition, before, during, and after the building of facilities since predicting the behaviour of rock mass during tunnel construction is a complicated engineering challenge. Engineering research works in laboratories and in the field are of different scope and methodology during testing. In this paper, the established interdependencies of some of the basic parameters obtained during the testing of rock mass are presented: Edyn = f(Vp), Edyn = f(RMR) i Edyn = f(Q). Also, the relations between the engineering systems of rock mass classification and seismic primary waves are derived. RMR = f(Vp), Q = f(Vp). The relations were based on the examination of the rock mass for the construction needs of the tunnel on the Nis-Merdare highway. The results obtained in this study can be applied in environments that have similar lithological and structural characteristics

Pushover analysis of confined masonry walls using equivalent diagonal strut models

Masonry structures are commonly used for building residential buildings throughout the Balkans and worldwide, in urban and rural areas and areas with seismic risk. For masonry construction in regions with seismic risk, confined masonry (CM) construction offers an appealing alternative to unreinforced masonry (URM) due to its better seismic performance. The numerical simulation of CM is often based on the Equivalent Strut Model (ESM). Such a model provides a very reasonable compromise between accuracy and efficiency and is simple enough for use in design. The purpose of this paper is to compare the results of an experimental shear compression test on a modern CM wall with different ESM models. Five ESM models proposed by various authors are compared. The numerical pushover analyses were performed in the SAP2000 software, and the reference points of the model that gave the best alignment with experimental results were estimated using regression analyses. The results show that the simple modelling of CM walls with an equivalent diagonal strut, which carries load only in compression, can accurately simulate the global seismic response and is suitable for practical applications

Experimental and numerical investigation of the seismic response of confined masonry walls

Confined masonry (CM) is one of the most popular and affordable earthquake-resistant con-struction technology for masonry structures. The reinforced concrete (RC) tie-columns in such construction play a crucial role in improving seismic response. However, their interaction with the masonry warrants a review due to recent changes in masonry construction, which are typical for Southeastern Europe. The modern masonry walls built from clay units are thick to achieve thermal efficiency. The tie-columns size has also increased, but they are narrower than the masonry. A part of masonry thus protrudes from the area confined by tie columns, which can lead to stress concentrations and early onset of damage of the protruding masonry, as was observed in recent tests on such masonry. This paper numerically analyzes this problem using a detailed three-dimensional (3D) finite element (FE) model that can capture this effect. The numerical model was developed in ABAQUS, and uses Concrete Damage Plasticity (CDP) material model to model the brittle response of clay blocks. All input data for the numerical model were obtained by dedicated tests. The results are compared to tests of walls in terms of damage propagation, strength and deformation response and show that damage to the protruding masonry can be successfully modelled. The results show a good alignment with the experiments and can be used for detailed modelling of seismic response of CM masonry structures and further research

Međunarodni i regionalni okviri saradnje u bezbednosti : perspektive policijske saradnje u borbi protiv savremenih pretnji bezbednosti

U radu se govori o teorijskom i konceptualnom okviru saradnje u bezbednosti kroz uočavanje i mapiranje postojećih oblika međunarodne i regionalne policijske saradnje, sa akcentom na kritičku analizu stalnih i ad hocmodaliteta regionalne i međunarodne saradnje nacionalnih policija.Naime, iako međunarodna policijska saradnjakao institucionalni vid saradnje u bezbednosti ima svoju tradiciju u evropskom i širim okvirima, ona i danas predstavlja pravi izazov, jer je još uvek prisutna opreznost država prema institucionalizaciji koncepta saradnje u bezbednosti uopšte, pa i kroz međunarodnu policijsku saradnju. Države i dalje ljubomorno nastojeočuvatisuverenost u oblasti nacionalne bezbednosti i monopol na upotrebu legitimne sile, apošto su policijski poslovi na nacionalnom nivou ovaploćenje pomenutog monopola, postavlja se pitanje spremnosti država da iskreno prihvate nužnost međunarodne policijske saradnje, posebno imajući u vidu prirodu novih pretnji bezbednosti na početku XXI veka. I pored napora na uspostavljanju pune saradnje u oblasti policijskih poslova članica Evropske Unije i država u okruženju poslednjih decenija, još uvek se ne može tvrditi da je ona dostigla zadovoljavajući nivo. U tom smislu će se rad, pored ukazivanja na značaj strateškog razvoja koncepta i sistema saradnje u bezbednosti i međunarodnu policijsku saradnju, baviti i istorijskim kontekstom ovih kategorija, u cilju davanja određenih predloga o poboljšanju postojećih i "otvaranju" novih oblasti u kojima se ta saradnja može razviti u budućem periodu. U radu će se pokušati ukazati i na nužnost i hitnost postizanja većeg nivoa vrednosne bliskosti između država i zajedničke svesti o potrebi izgradnje sistemskih rešenja za unapređenje međunarodne policijske saradnje

Paleopatološka analiza promena na kostima životinja sa arheoloških nalazišta Caričin grad i manastira Studenice

This work presents the estimation of incidence and analysis of paleopathological changes on skeletal remains of the animals from archaeological sites Caricin Grad and Studenica Monastery. Moreover, there has been carried out the assessment of the skeletal elements, as well as taxonomic and age determination. The total of 2595 bones or bone fragments were examined. In 22 specimens there were noticed various abnormal skeletal changes in following animal species: cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, horses, donkeys and camels. Pathological changes were noticed on the teeth, mandibles, joints of long bones and phalanxes. By macroscopic analysis of these acquired pathological changes on bones of the animals, there was determined that the observed lesions had had proliferative, hypertrophic and chronic character. Proliferative changes on the bones of the cattle, horses, donkeys and camels point out to the fact that these animals were used for towing and/or load carrying. Identified diseases of oral cavity in small ruminants point out to improper and inadequate nutrition of these animals in the past.U ovom radu izvršena je procena zastupljenosti i analiza paleopatoloških promena na skeletnim ostacima životinja sa arheoloških nalazišta Caričin grad i manastira Studenice. Pored toga, izvršeno je određivanje skeletnih elementa, kao i taksonomska i starosna odredba životinja. Ukupno je pregledano 2595 kostiju ili fragmenata kostiju. Kod 22 primerka uočene su različite abnormalne koštane promene i to kod sledećih vrsta: goveče, ovca, koza, svinja, konj, magarac i kamila. Patološke promene zapažene su na zubima, mandibulama, zglobovima dugih kostiju i falangama. Makroskopskom analizom stečenih patoloških promena na životinjskim kostima ustanovljeno je da su primećene lezije uglavnom imale proliferativni, hipertrofični i hronični inflamatorni karakter. Proliferativne promene na kostima goveda, konja, magarca i kamile ukazuju da su ove životinje korišćene za vuču i/ili nošenje tereta. Utvrđene bolesti usne duplje kod malih preživara ukazuju na nepravilnu i neadekvatnu ishranu za vreme života ovih životinja u prošlosti

Seismic performance of school buildings in recent earthquakes: lessons for Serbia

Seismic safety of schools should be one of the highest priorities for each community. Besides being important to design the school buildings such as to avoid damage or collapse in earthquakes, they should also remain safe and functional as a shelter for evacuation after an earthquake. The aim of this paper is to raise awareness of the importance to study and assess the seismic risk of existing schools, as well as to emphasize a need for adequate seismic design of new school buildings. Examples of damage in school buildings due to recent earthquakes in the region were presented since they are relevant for Serbia. Observations from the survey of school buildings in Serbia have been used for a comparison with the representative examples of damaged school buildings in Croatia and Albania, thus deriving the conclusions of what could be expected in Serbia in a case of moderate earthquake