Non-neuronal TRPA1 encodes mechanical allodynia associated with neurogenic inflammation and partial nerve injury in rats

Background and purpose: The pro-algesic transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) channel, expressed by a subpopulation of primary sensory neurons, has been implicated in various pain models in mice. However, evidence in rats indicates that TRPA1 conveys nociceptive signals elicited by channel activators, but not those associated with tissue inflammation or nerve injury. Here, in rats, we explored the TRPA1 role in mechanical allodynia associated with stimulation of peptidergic primary sensory neurons (neurogenic inflammation) and moderate (partial sciatic nerve ligation, pSNL) or severe (chronic constriction injury, CCI) sciatic nerve injury. Experimental approach: Acute nociception and mechanical hypersensitivity associated with neurogenic inflammation and sciatic nerve injury (pSNL and CCI) were investigated in rats with TRPA1 pharmacological antagonism or genetic silencing. TRPA1 presence and function were analysed in cultured rat Schwann cells. Key results: Hind paw mechanical allodynia (HPMA), but not acute nociception, evoked by local injection of capsaicin or allyl isothiocyanate, the TRP vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) or the TRPA1 activators was mediated by CGRP released from peripheral sensory nerve terminals. CGRP-evoked HPMA was sustained by a ROS-dependent TRPA1 activation, probably in Schwann cells. HPMA evoked by pSNL, but not that evoked by CCI, was mediated by ROS and TRPA1 without the involvement of CGRP. Conclusions and implications: As found in mice, TRPA1 mediates mechanical allodynia associated with neurogenic inflammation and moderate nerve injury in rats. The channel contribution to mechanical hypersensitivity is a common feature in rodents and might be explored in humans

Vigilancia Epidemiológica de zoonosis en pequeños animales en la zona de influencia de la Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias de la UCC

La Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) ha definido las zoonosis como “aquellas enfermedades e infecciones que se transmiten, en forma natural, entre animales vertebrados y el hombre. La separación de las zoonosis en un grupo aparte de enfermedades tiene un significado práctico, antropocéntrico y utilitario, si bien biológicamente injustificable. Su objetivo es señalar que el reservorio de estas enfermedades son los animales inferiores y por consiguiente la prevención y el control de la infección deben llevarse a cabo sobre estos reservorios animales. La consideración que requieren las zoonosis, más allá de la sola propuesta para su valoración en términos de morbilidad y mortalidad, implica también generar y ofrecer alternativas viables para su atención desde una perspectiva integral, que más allá de una casuística, considere sus determinantes. Estableciéndose que las zoonosis se pueden transmitir a partir de los mismos animales, otras formas de vida o bien a través de vehículos y materia inerte, el riesgo de contraer una zoonosis no está definido por la posesión o no de animales, ni es tampoco una decisión el asimilarlo con conocimientos de causa, simplemente se refiere a un hecho epidemiológico de carácter ambiental y por lo tanto a un evento definible como riesgo que adquiere características particulares en el contexto urbano. Una zoonosis más que un caso de enfermedad transmisible requiere ser visto como la manifestación de un complejo en el que la enfermedad es solo la resultante de un proceso en el que convergen diversos factores, relacionados con las variables epidemiológicas de tiempo, espacio y población pero también con las de carácter económico, social y específicas de orden cultural. Pocos son los conocimientos actuales de la casuística de las zoonosis transmitidas por pequeños animales en el área de influencia de la UCC, por lo tanto a través del presente proyecto se intenta avanzar en el conocimiento de estas enfermedades y a su vez implementar en el ámbito de la Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, técnicas diagnósticas para las mismas, que no solo beneficiarán las tareas de docencia sino también de servicio al medio.Fil: Graiff, Diego Sebastián. Universidad Católica de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias; ArgentinaFil: Sequeira, Gabriel Jorge. Universidad Católica de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias; ArgentinaFil: Faya, Marcela Inés. Universidad Católica de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias; Argentin

Employability of Disabled Graduates: Resources for a Sustainable Employment

In the frame of the psychology of sustainability, this research aims at exploring how the related concepts of risk factors, protective factors, and resilience might inform our understanding of the postgraduate outcomes of disabled youth. The number of disabled students is growing steadily, nevertheless, relatively little is known about the employment experiences and skill development of disabled youth. Following the positive primary preventive approach, this explorative research investigates the role of resilience and employability resources both in preventing perceived negative impact of disability on the employment opportunities and promoting the perception of employability. Fifty disabled students responded to an online questionnaire and their responses were compared to those of a nondisabled sample (N = 190). Motivations and meanings associated with entry into the workplace are equivalent in the two groups, but perceived impact of disability is a risk factor that hinders perceived employability. Resilience resources and soft skills show their effectiveness in reducing perceived disability impact and improving perceived employability, but between group comparison shows differences in the set of available resources. Overall, results provide insights for implementing actions to promote sustainable employment in order to foster a positive, sustainable organizational development

synthesis of 3 4 dihydropyrazino 1 2 a indol 1 2h ones by cascade addition cyclization reactions from vinyl selenones

Recently vinyl selenones have been discovered as excellent substrates to synthesize indole derivatives in an cost-inexpensive and eco-friendly reaction. Herein we describe the synthesis of 3,4-dihydropyrazino[1,2-a]indol-1(2H)-ones, which attracted the attention of medicinal chemists thanks to their important biological activities such as antifungal, antihistaminergic and anti-serotoninergic. The reaction takes place via a Michael addition-cyclization cascade starting from vinyl selenones and (1H-indol-2yl)carboxamides using as base potassium hydroxide

The Soluble Guanylate Cyclase Stimulator BAY 41-2272 Attenuates Transforming Growth Factor β1-Induced Myofibroblast Differentiation of Human Corneal Keratocytes

Corneal transparency, necessary for vision and depending on the high organization of stromal extracellular matrix, is maintained by keratocytes. Severe or continuous corneal injuries determine exaggerated healing responses resulting in the formation of irreversible fibrotic scars and vision impairment. Soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) stimulation demonstrated antifibrotic effects in both experimental fibrosis and human lung and skin fibroblasts. Here, we assessed whether sGC stimulation with BAY 41-2272 could attenuate transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1)-induced myofibroblast differentiation of human corneal keratocytes. Cells were challenged with TGFβ1, with/without BAY 41-2272 preincubation, and subsequently assessed for viability, proliferation, migration, chemoinvasion, as well for the expression of myofibroblast/fibroblast activation markers and contractile abilities. Treatment with BAY 41-2272 did not affect keratocyte viability, while preincubation of cells with the sGC stimulator was able to inhibit TGFβ1-induced proliferation, wound healing capacity, and invasiveness. BAY 41-2272 was also able to attenuate TGFβ1-induced myofibroblast-like profibrotic phenotype of keratocytes, as demonstrated by the significant decrease in ACTA2, COL1A1, COL1A2, FN1 and PDPN gene expression, as well as in α-smooth muscle actin, α-1 chain of type I collagen, podoplanin, vimentin and N-cadherin protein expression. Finally, BAY 41-2272 significantly counteracted the TGFβ1-induced myofibroblast-like ability of keratocytes to contract collagen gels, reduced phosphorylated Smad3 protein levels, and attenuated gene expression of proinflammatory cytokines. Collectively, our data show for the first time that BAY 41-2272 is effective in counteracting keratocyte-to-myofibroblast transition, thus providing the rationale for the development of sGC stimulators as novel promising modulators of corneal scarring and fibrosis

Perspectives on Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders, the Narrative Medicine contribution to care

BackgroundThis research aimed to investigate the experience of Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders (NMOSD) by integrating the perspectives of patients, caregivers and clinicians through narrative-based medicine to provide new insights to improve care relationships.MethodsThe research was conducted in the second half of 2022 and involved six Italian centres treating NMOSD and targeted adult patients, their caregivers and healthcare providers to collect the three points of view of living with or caring for this rare disease, still difficult to treat despite the pharmacological options. Narratives followed a structured outline according to the time: yesterday-today-tomorrow, to capture all disease phases.ResultsTwenty-five patients diagnosed with NMOSD, ten caregivers and 13 healthcare providers participated in the research. Patients reported symptoms limiting their daily activities and strongly impacting their social dimension. We noticed improvements across disease duration, whilst the persistence of limitations was recurrent in patients with longer diagnoses.Caregivers' narratives mainly share experiences of their daily life changes, the burden of the caregiving role and the solutions identified, if any. Healthcare providers defined their role as a guide.ResultsTwenty-five patients diagnosed with NMOSD, ten caregivers and 13 healthcare providers participated in the research. Patients reported symptoms limiting their daily activities and strongly impacting their social dimension. We noticed improvements across disease duration, whilst the persistence of limitations was recurrent in patients with longer diagnoses.Caregivers' narratives mainly share experiences of their daily life changes, the burden of the caregiving role and the solutions identified, if any. Healthcare providers defined their role as a guide.ConclusionLimitations in activities are prominent in the lives of people with NMOSD, along with fatigue. Family members are the weakest link in the chain and need information and support. Healthcare professionals are attentive to the helping dimension

Molecular imaging of multiple sclerosis: from the clinical demand to novel radiotracers

Abstract Background Brain PET imaging with different tracers is mainly clinically used in the field of neurodegenerative diseases and brain tumors. In recent years, the potential usefulness of PET has also gained attention in the field of MS. In fact, MS is a complex disease and several processes can be selected as a target for PET imaging. The use of PET with several different tracers has been mainly evaluated in the research setting to investigate disease pathophysiology (i.e. phenotypes, monitoring of progression) or to explore its use a surrogate end-point in clinical trials. Results We have reviewed PET imaging studies in MS in humans and animal models. Tracers have been grouped according to their pathophysiological targets (ie. tracers for myelin kinetic, neuroinflammation, and neurodegeneration). The emerging clinical indication for brain PET imaging in the differential diagnosis of suspected tumefactive demyelinated plaques as well as the clinical potential provided by PET images in view of the recent introduction of PET/MR technology are also addressed. Conclusion While several preclinical and fewer clinical studies have shown results, full-scale clinical development programs are needed to translate molecular imaging technologies into a clinical reality that could ideally fit into current precision medicine perspectives