Genetic structure of the Balto-Slavic populations within a European context according to the three genetic systems.

<p>a) PC1vsPC3 plot based on autosomal SNPs (PC1 = 0.53; PC3 = 0.26); b) MDS based on NRY data (stress = 0.13); c) MDS based on mtDNA data (stress = 0.20). We focus on PC1<i>vs</i>PC3 because PC2 (<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0135820#pone.0135820.s002" target="_blank">S1 Fig</a>) whilst differentiating the Volga region populations from the rest of Europeans had a low efficiency in detecting differences among the Balto-Slavic populations–the primary focus of this work.</p

ADMIXTURE plot (k = 6).

<p>Ancestry proportions of 1,194 individuals as revealed by ADMIXTURE.</p

The Balto-Slavic populations analyzed in this study and the tree of Balto-Slavic languages.

<p>The map (lower panel) shows the geographical distribution of Balto-Slavic populations (colored areas) within Europe. The symbols on the map represent the geographic location of the populations genotyped. The map was created in the GeneGeo software as described previously [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0135820#pone.0135820.ref068" target="_blank">68</a>,<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0135820#pone.0135820.ref075" target="_blank">75</a>]. A manually constructed consensus phylogenetic tree of the Balto-Slavic languages (upper panel) is based on the StarlingNJ, NJ, BioNJ, UPGMA, Bayesian MCMC, Unweighted Maximum Parsimony methods. Ternary nodes resulting from neighboring binary nodes were joined together if the temporal distance between them was ≤ 300 years. StarlingNJ dates are proposed (<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0135820#pone.0135820.s008" target="_blank">S2 File</a>).</p

Correlations between matrices of genetic, geographic and linguistic distances among Balto-Slavic populations.

<p>Correlations between matrices of genetic, geographic and linguistic distances among Balto-Slavic populations.</p

Distribution of the average number of IBD segments between groups of East-West Slavs (a), South Slavs (b), and their respective geographic neighbors.

<p>The x-axis indicates ten classes of IBD segment length (in cM); the y-axis indicates the average number of shared IBD segments per pair of individuals within each length class.</p

Genetic Heritage of the Balto-Slavic Speaking Populations: A Synthesis of Autosomal, Mitochondrial and Y-Chromosomal Data

The Slavic branch of the Balto-Slavic sub-family of Indo-European languages underwent rapid divergence as a result of the spatial expansion of its speakers from Central-East Europe, in early medieval times. This expansion–mainly to East Europe and the northern Balkans–resulted in the incorporation of genetic components from numerous autochthonous populations into the Slavic gene pools. Here, we characterize genetic variation in all extant ethnic groups speaking Balto-Slavic languages by analyzing mitochondrial DNA (n = 6,876), Y-chromosomes (n = 6,079) and genome-wide SNP profiles (n = 296), within the context of other European populations. We also reassess the phylogeny of Slavic languages within the Balto-Slavic branch of Indo-European. We find that genetic distances among Balto-Slavic populations, based on autosomal and Y-chromosomal loci, show a high correlation (0.9) both with each other and with geography, but a slightly lower correlation (0.7) with mitochondrial DNA and linguistic affiliation. The data suggest that genetic diversity of the present-day Slavs was predominantly shaped in situ, and we detect two different substrata: ‘central-east European’ for West and East Slavs, and ‘south-east European’ for South Slavs. A pattern of distribution of segments identical by descent between groups of East-West and South Slavs suggests shared ancestry or a modest gene flow between those two groups, which might derive from the historic spread of Slavic people