Experimental gel containing bioactive glass-ceramic to minimize the pulp damage caused by dental bleaching in rats

Objectives: This study evaluated if the use of a bioactive glass-ceramic-based gel, named Biosilicate (BS), before, after or mixed with bleaching gel, could influence the inflammation of the dental pulp tissue of rats’ molars undergoing dental bleaching with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Methodology: The upper molars of Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus, albinus) were divided into Ble: bleached (35% H2O2, 30-min); Ble-BS: bleached and followed by BS-based gel application (20 min); BS-Ble: BS-based gel application and then bleaching; BS/7d-Ble: BS-based gel applications for 7 days and then bleaching; Ble+BS: blend of H2O2 with BS-based gel (1:1, 30-min); and control: placebo gel. After 2 and 30 days (n=10), the rats were euthanized for histological evaluation. The Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn statistical tests were performed (P<0.05). Results: At 2 days, the Ble and Ble-BS groups had significant alterations in the pulp tissue, with an area of necrosis. The groups with the application of BS-based gel before H2O2 had moderate inflammation and partial disorganization in the occlusal third of the coronary pulp and were significantly different from the Ble in the middle and cervical thirds (P<0.05). The most favorable results were observed in the Ble+BS, which was similar to the control in all thirds of the coronary pulp (P>0.05). At 30 days, the pulp tissue was organized and the bleached groups presented tertiary dentin deposition. The Ble group had the highest deposition of tertiary dentin, followed by the Ble-BS, and both were different from control (P<0.05). Conclusion: A single BS-based gel application beforehand or BS-based gel blended with a bleaching gel minimize the pulp damage induced by dental bleaching

La renovación de la palabra en el bicentenario de la Argentina : los colores de la mirada lingüística

El libro reúne trabajos en los que se exponen resultados de investigaciones presentadas por investigadores de Argentina, Chile, Brasil, España, Italia y Alemania en el XII Congreso de la Sociedad Argentina de Lingüística (SAL), Bicentenario: la renovación de la palabra, realizado en Mendoza, Argentina, entre el 6 y el 9 de abril de 2010. Las temáticas abordadas en los 167 capítulos muestran las grandes líneas de investigación que se desarrollan fundamentalmente en nuestro país, pero también en los otros países mencionados arriba, y señalan además las áreas que recién se inician, con poca tradición en nuestro país y que deberían fomentarse. Los trabajos aquí publicados se enmarcan dentro de las siguientes disciplinas y/o campos de investigación: Fonología, Sintaxis, Semántica y Pragmática, Lingüística Cognitiva, Análisis del Discurso, Psicolingüística, Adquisición de la Lengua, Sociolingüística y Dialectología, Didáctica de la lengua, Lingüística Aplicada, Lingüística Computacional, Historia de la Lengua y la Lingüística, Lenguas Aborígenes, Filosofía del Lenguaje, Lexicología y Terminología

Effects of parity and infant gender on maternal care and infant development of tufted capuchin monkeys (Cebus sp)

Dentre os mamíferos, a ordem Primates é caracterizada por uma gestação longa e, normalmente, nascimento de um único filhote por período reprodutivo. Ainda assim, as fêmeas primatas dão a luz a filhotes pouco desenvolvidos, que requerem grande investimento parental, realizado principalmente por elas. O prolongado período pós-parto, em que o filhote depende integralmente de seu cuidador para alimentação, transporte e proteção, é chamado de infância e perdura até o momento em que o indivíduo é capaz de sobreviver sozinho. Nesse período é possível observar o estilo de cuidado materno, medido através do investimento da mãe em cuidados para seu filhote. É nesse mesmo período que as relações afetivas entre mãe e filhote e com os outros membros do grupo são estabelecidas. Em algumas espécies de mamíferos, incluindo primatas, há diferença entre o investimento materno das mães em relação ao sexo do filhote ou a paridade e posição hierárquica delas. Nesse trabalho, verifiquei o efeito da paridade da mãe e do sexo do filhote sobre o estilo de cuidado materno e desenvolvimento físico e social dos filhotes de um grupo semi-livre de macacos-prego. Além disso, a presente pesquisa deu continuidade a um estudo anterior, com o mesmo grupo, também sobre estilo de cuidado materno e desenvolvimento dos filhotes. Assim, também foi objetivo deste trabalho comparar estas variáveis em função de mudanças na demografia do grupo e nas condições ambientais. Os dados foram coletados no Parque Ecológico do Tietê entre setembro de 2006 e abril de 2008, através dos métodos de animal-focal e todas as ocorrências, e analisados através de análises de agrupamentos e de variância. O estilo de cuidado materno parece estar relacionado com a paridade da mãe, mães primíparas têm maior investimento, de maneira geral, em amamentação, transporte e manutenção da proximidade de seus filhotes, enquanto multíparas investem mais em catação, mas as diferenças não foram significativas. O desenvolvimento físico e social dos filhotes não foi afetado pela mudança na demografia do grupo, mas sim pela mudança das condições ambientais. Uma alteração na disponibilidade do alimento provisionado provocou aumento nas taxas de locomoção do grupo em busca de alimento. O aumento na distância entre mães e filhotes também foi observado e esteve relacionado ao crescimento das redes familiares que promovem a proteção do filhote por indivíduos aparentados que não somente suas mães. O investimento materno foi maior em filhotes machos. Quanto ao desenvolvimento, filhotes fêmeas se alimentaram e se locomoveram independentemente mais que filhotes machos, ainda que a locomoção independente tenha sido maior para machos no início do desenvolvimento. Filhotes fêmeas, no entanto, mantiveram relações de proximidade mais fortes com a mãe e com os outros membros do grupo. O maior investimento materno em machos, independente da paridade das mães, é esperado em populações de primatas em que a oferta de alimento não é limitante do sucesso reprodutivo das fêmeas e em que, portanto, o sexo com maior variabilidade de sucesso reprodutivo em função de habilidades competitivas é o masculino.In comparison with other mammals, the order Primates is characterized by a prolonged gestation and by the birth of a single offspring in each reproductive period. Besides, female primates give birth to very immature infants that require great parental investment performed mainly by the mothers. Infancy is the post-partum period in which the young is completely dependent on its care-giver for feeding, transportation and protection, and lasts up until the individual is capable of surviving on its own. During this period we can observe the style of maternal care by measuring the mothers investment in care given to her offspring. The affiliative relationship between the infant and its mother, as well as with other members of the social group are established throughout this same period. In some mammal species, including primates, maternal care can differ according to the sex of the infant, and on female parity and hierarchical position. In this study I investigate the effect of mothers parity and on infants sex on the style of maternal care and on the physical and social development of the offspring in a group of semi-free tufted capuchin monkeys. Furthermore, this research followed a previous study, carried out with the same group of monkeys, also regarding the style of maternal care and development of young. Therefore it is also the goal of this study to compare these variables considering differences in group demography and in the environmental conditions between the two study periods. Data were collected at Parque Ecológico do Tietê from September 2006 to April 2008. Data were collect through focal-animal and all occurrences methods, and analyzed by cluster and variance analysis. The style of maternal care seems to be related to the parity of the mother. Primiparous mothers generally invest more in nursing, transportation and in maintaining proximity with their offspring while multiparous mothers invest more in grooming. However the differences were not statistically significant. The physical and social development of the young were not affected by the demographic changes undergone by the group, but were, on the other hand, affected by changes in environmental conditions. An alteration in the availability of provisioned food resulted in an increase in the rate of locomotion of the group in search for food. An increase in the distance between mother and offspring was also noted and was related to the growth of family networks, leading to the protection of the young by kin related individuals besides their mother. There was greater maternal investment in male infants. Regarding infant development, female infants had higher frequencies of independent feeding and locomotion than male infants, even though independent locomotion was greater for males at the beginning of their development. Female infants also maintained greater proximity with their mothers and with other members of the group than male infants. A greater maternal investment in male offspring, independent of the parity of mothers, is expected in primate populations living in areas where food supply is not limiting of females reproductive success, which is the case of the study area, because in such populations males present greater variability than females in reproductive success

Effects of pre-operative isolation on postoperative pulmonary complications after elective surgery: an international prospective cohort study an international prospective cohort study

We aimed to determine the impact of pre-operative isolation on postoperative pulmonary complications after elective surgery during the global SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. We performed an international prospective cohort study including patients undergoing elective surgery in October 2020. Isolation was defined as the period before surgery during which patients did not leave their house or receive visitors from outside their household. The primary outcome was postoperative pulmonary complications, adjusted in multivariable models for measured confounders. Pre-defined sub-group analyses were performed for the primary outcome. A total of 96,454 patients from 114 countries were included and overall, 26,948 (27.9%) patients isolated before surgery. Postoperative pulmonary complications were recorded in 1947 (2.0%) patients of which 227 (11.7%) were associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Patients who isolated pre-operatively were older, had more respiratory comorbidities and were more commonly from areas of high SARS-CoV-2 incidence and high-income countries. Although the overall rates of postoperative pulmonary complications were similar in those that isolated and those that did not (2.1% vs 2.0%, respectively), isolation was associated with higher rates of postoperative pulmonary complications after adjustment (adjusted OR 1.20, 95%CI 1.05–1.36, p = 0.005). Sensitivity analyses revealed no further differences when patients were categorised by: pre-operative testing; use of COVID-19-free pathways; or community SARS-CoV-2 prevalence. The rate of postoperative pulmonary complications increased with periods of isolation longer than 3 days, with an OR (95%CI) at 4–7 days or ≥ 8 days of 1.25 (1.04–1.48), p = 0.015 and 1.31 (1.11–1.55), p = 0.001, respectively. Isolation before elective surgery might be associated with a small but clinically important increased risk of postoperative pulmonary complications. Longer periods of isolation showed no reduction in the risk of postoperative pulmonary complications. These findings have significant implications for global provision of elective surgical care. We aimed to determine the impact of pre-operative isolation on postoperative pulmonary complications after elective surgery during the global SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. We performed an international prospective cohort study including patients undergoing elective surgery in October 2020. Isolation was defined as the period before surgery during which patients did not leave their house or receive visitors from outside their household. The primary outcome was postoperative pulmonary complications, adjusted in multivariable models for measured confounders. Pre-defined sub-group analyses were performed for the primary outcome. A total of 96,454 patients from 114 countries were included and overall, 26,948 (27.9%) patients isolated before surgery. Postoperative pulmonary complications were recorded in 1947 (2.0%) patients of which 227 (11.7%) were associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Patients who isolated pre-operatively were older, had more respiratory comorbidities and were more commonly from areas of high SARS-CoV-2 incidence and high-income countries. Although the overall rates of postoperative pulmonary complications were similar in those that isolated and those that did not (2.1% vs 2.0%, respectively), isolation was associated with higher rates of postoperative pulmonary complications after adjustment (adjusted OR 1.20, 95%CI 1.05–1.36, p = 0.005). Sensitivity analyses revealed no further differences when patients were categorised by: pre-operative testing; use of COVID-19-free pathways; or community SARS-CoV-2 prevalence. The rate of postoperative pulmonary complications increased with periods of isolation longer than 3 days, with an OR (95%CI) at 4–7 days or ≥ 8 days of 1.25 (1.04–1.48), p = 0.015 and 1.31 (1.11–1.55), p = 0.001, respectively. Isolation before elective surgery might be associated with a small but clinically important increased risk of postoperative pulmonary complications. Longer periods of isolation showed no reduction in the risk of postoperative pulmonary complications. These findings have significant implications for global provision of elective surgical care