38 research outputs found
Utjecaj levamizola na koncentraciju kortizola i promjene u perifernoj krvi svinja izloženih stresu
The objective of the study was to evaluate the influence of levamisole (LEV) application in pigs stressed by adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) injection on the total and differential leukocyte count, blood erythrocyte count, haemoglobin concentration and cortisol level during and for 16 days after the treatment. Swedish Landrace boars aged 6 to 7 months were divided into three groups. Group 1 received levamisole 2.5 mg/kg/body mass/day intramuscularly over 3 days and ACTH 10 Ī¼g/kg/body mass/day intravenously for 3
days. Group 2 received ACTH 10 Ī¼g/kg/body mass/day intravenously for the next 3 days and group 3 received saline intramuscularly for 6 days (control group). Cortisol concentration was increased in both ACTH treated groups during all three days of administration and the day after the last ACTH treatment. A significantly increase in total leukocyte count and a decrease in lymphocyte percentages was recorded during ACTH treatment. Use of levamisole before stress induction caused an increase in total leukocyte count in the 16 day period after cessation of ACTH treatment and also a lymphocyte increase in stressed animals on the first day of ACTH injection. Pigs that received levamisol and ACTH did not show eosinophilia in contrast to pigs that received ACTH only. In both groups of stressed animals, an elevated percentage of neutrophilic granulocytes was recorded on days 2 and 3 of ACTH treatment. However, administration of levamisole led to faster normalization of neutrophils and prevented neutropenia one week after termination of stress. According to the data presented, levamisole can influence pig immunity during and after stress induction by ACTH administration.Istraživanje utjecaja levamizola na promjene u perifernoj krvi i koncentraciju kortizola provedeno je u svinja u stresu izazvanom davanjem adrenokortikotropnog hormona (ACTH). Pokus je proveden na nerastima Å”vedskoga landrasa, u dobi 6 do 7 mjeseci, podijeljenih u tri skupine. Svinje u prvoj skupini dobivale su levamizol (2,5 mg/kg/tj. mase/dan, i.m.) tijekom tri dana i ACTH (10 Ī¼g/kg/tj. mase/dan, i.v.) tijekom 3 dana, a u drugoj skupini ACTH (10 Ī¼g/kg/tj. mase/dan, i.v.) takoÄer tijekom slijedeÄa 3 dana. TreÄa skupina bila je kontrola koja je dobivala fizioloÅ”ku otopinu i.m. 6 dana. U pokusu je praÄen broj leukocita, diferencijalna
krvna slika, broj eritrocita, koncentracije hemoglobina i kortizola. Tijekom trodnevnog davanja ACTH kao i dan nakon zadnje primjene u obje pokusne skupine zabilježeno je poveÄanje kortizola u serumu. Istovremeno je primjena ACTH izazvala znaÄajno poveÄanje ukupnog broja leukocita, ali i smanjenje broja limfocita. Primjenom levamizola prije izazivanja stresa izazvalo se poveÄanje ukupnoga broja leukocita 16 dana nakon
prestanka davanja ACTH. U obje pokusne skupine svinja utvrÄeno je poveÄanje broja neutrofila drugi i treÄi dan primjene ACTH. MeÄutim, davanje levamizola prije izazivanja stresa dovelo je do brže uspostave fizioloÅ”koga udjela neutrofi la. U svinja koje su dobile i levamizol i ACTH nije doÅ”lo do porasta udjela eozinofila kao Å”to je to zabilježeno u skupini koja je dobila samo ACTH. S obzirom na dobivene rezultate istraživanja može se
pretpostaviti da primjena levamizola može posredno utjecati na imunosni odgovor u svinja tijekom i nakon stresa potaknutog s ACTH
SUNFLOWER BREEDING AND SEED PRODUCTION IN THE AGRICULTURAL INSTITUTE OSIJEK
OplemenjivaÄki rad na suncokretu u Poljoprivrednom institutu Osijek zapoÄeo je prije 30-ak godina. Tada je poÄeo proces stvaranja inbred linija pretežito iz visokouljnih ruskih sorti suncokreta koje su se tada uzgajale u Hrvatskoj. Prije 25 godina u oplemenjivaÄkom radu poÄeli smo koristiti izvore citoplazmatske muÅ”ke sterilnosti (cms) ,te izvore restorer gena (rf) za obnavljanje fertilnosti u Fā hibridnoj generaciji. Tijekom proteklog razdoblja stvoreno je mnogo samooplodnih linija dobrih opÄih i specifiÄnih kombinatornih sposobnosti (OKS i SKS). Oplemenjivanje suncokreta, kao i ostalih ratarskih kultura, najuÄinkovitiji je i za okoliÅ” najprihvatljiviji naÄin za poveÄanje koliÄine i kakvoÄe hrane. Glavni cilj naÅ”eg rada je stvaranje novih, superiornih, hibrida visokog uroda zrna (iznad 5 t/ha), sadržaja ulja (iznad 50%), te visokog i stabilnog uroda ulja (iznad 2 t/ha). Za ostvarenje ovih ciljeva potrebno je stvoriti hibride niske do srednje visoke stabljike, poveÄati otpornost na polijeganje i suÅ”u, te poveÄati žetveni indeks. Posebna pozornost posveÄuje se stvaranju linija s naglaÅ”enom tolerantnoÅ”Äu prema dominantnim patogenima: Plasmopara halstedii, Alternaria helianthi, Macrophomina phaseolina, Phoma macdonaldi, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum i Phomopsis helianthi. Osim toga, potrebno je stvoriti hibride kraÄe vegetacije (110-120 dana), s dužim trajanjem lisne povrÅ”ine (Leaf area duration - LAD). Rezultat dosadaÅ”njeg rada je 12 priznatih hibrida suncokreta, koji su uvelike doprinjeli poveÄanju proizvodnje suncokreta u Republici Hrvatskoj.TakoÄer su dva hibrida suncokreta Poljoprivrednog instituta Osijek priznata u Republici SlovaÄkoj. Kvalitetno sjemenarstvo suncokreta najznaÄajniji je proces u održavanju genetske ÄistoÄe linija i hibrida. U Hrvatskoj se sve ÄeÅ”Äe susreÄemo s problemom pronalaženja odgovarajuÄih povrÅ”ina i potrebne prostorne izolacije. BuduÄi da nova generacija naÅ”ih hibrida suncokreta ima visok sadržaj ulja, posebna pozornost mora se posvetiti pravovremenoj žetvi i brzoj dopremi sjemena u doradbene kapacitete.Sunflower breeding in the Agricultural Institute Osijek started 30 years ago. At that time began a process of creation inbred lines from high oil Russian sunflower varieties that were grown then in Croatia. In breeding work, we began with usage sources of cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) and restorer genes (rf) for fertility restoring in Fā hybrid generation 25 years ago. During last period, a plenty of inbred lines with good general and specific combining abilities (GCA and SCA) have created. Sunflower breeding as well as breeding of other field crops is the most efficient and environmentally the most accepted way for increasing food quantity and quality. Main goal of our work is creation of new superior hybrids with high grain yield (over 5 t/ha), oil content (over 50%), and high and stable oil yield (over 2 t/ha). For realization of these goals, it is needed to create hybrids with short to middle high stalk, increase resistance to logging and drought, and increase harvesting index. Special attention is devoted to creation inbred lines with emphasized tolerance to dominant pathogens: Plasmopara halstedii, Alternaria helianthi, Macrophomina phaseolina, Phoma macdonaldi, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and Phomopsis helianthi. Furthermore, it is necessary to create hybrids of shorter vegetation (120- 125 days), with longer duration of leaf area (Leaf area duration - LAD). Result of hereunto work is 12 approved sunflower hybrids that have given a large contribution to increasing sunflower production in Republic of Croatia. Also, in Republic of Slovakia have approved two sunflower hybrids of the Agricultural Institute Osijek. Sunflower qualitative seed production is the most important process in maintenance of genetic purity of lines and hybrids. In Croatia, we often meet a problem of finding appropriate areas and required space isolation. Due to high oil content of our new sunflower hybrids generation, a special attention have to be given to on time harvesting and fast delivery of seed to processing facilities
Breeding of sunflower quantitative traits in function of increasing grain and oil yield
U oplemenjivanju suncokreta krajnji cilj je stvoriti hibride visokog uroda zrna i ulja. BuduÄi da su ovo vrlo kompleksna svojstva, veÄe ili manje heritabilnosti, važno je raditi na poboljÅ”anju onih biomorfoloÅ”kih svojstava koja na direktan ili indirektan naÄin utjeÄu na ekspresiju ovih svojstava. Na ova svojstva veliki utjecaj ima okolina, te je potrebno razluÄiti genetske i negenetske parametre, poznavati heritabilnost kvantitativnih svojstava suncokreta i njihovu meÄusobnu povezanost. Provedena istraživanja na dvanaest OS hibrida suncokreta i osam svojstava ukazuju na statistiÄki znaÄajne razlike izmeÄu hibrida u visini biljke, promjeru glave, broju zrna po glavi, urodu zrna, sadržaju ulja i urodu ulja. VeÄina hibrida imala je visok sadržaj ulja u zrnu (iznad 50%), visok urod zrna (iznad 3500 kg/ha), te visok urod ulja (iznad 1600 kg/ha). Urod zrna bio je u znaÄajno pozitivnoj korelaciji s promjerom glave (r= 0,337*) i masom zrna po glavi (r= 0,351*), te visoko znaÄajno pozitivnoj korelaciji s visinom biljke (r= 0,513**) i urodom ulja (r= 0,971**). IzmeÄu uroda ulja, mase zrna po glavi i visine biljke utvrÄena je slaba (r= 0,333*) do srednje jaka (r= 0,412*) znaÄajna pozitivna korelacija. Path analizom je utvrÄeno da je najveÄi direktan utjecaj na urod ulja imao urod zrna, zatim slijedi sadržaj ulja, a preostala svojstva su u neznatnoj mjeri utjecala na urod ulja.The ultimate goal of sunflower breeding is to create hybrids with high grain and oil yield. As these traits are very complex, with larger or lower heritability, it is very important to work on improving of bio-morphologic traits that on direct or indirect way have influence on expression of these traits. On these traits, a large influence has environment, and therefore is needed to resolve genetic and non-genetic parameters, to know heritability of sunflower quantitative traits and their interconnection. The investigations on the twelve OS sunflower hybrids and eight traits pointed on statistical significant differences among the hybrids for plant height, head diameter, grain number per head, grain yield, oil content and oil yield. Majority of the hybrids had high oil content in grain (over 50%), high grain yield (over 3500 kg/ha), and high oil yield (over 1600 kg/ha). Grain yield was in significant positive correlation with head diameter (r=0,337*) and grain mass per head (r=0,351*), as well as in highly significant positive correlation with plant height (r=0,513**) and oil yield (r=0,971**). Among oil yield, grain mass per head and plant height are found low (r=0,333*) to medium strong (r=0,412*) significant positive correlation. By path analysis is found that the largest direct influence on oil yield had grain yield, then oil content, and remain traits had slightly influence on oil yield
INFLUENCE OF SEED TREATMENT ON LABORATORY GERMINATION, FIELD EMERGENCE AND GRAIN YIELD OF SUNFLOWER
U radu su predstavljeni rezultati istraživanja tretmana sjemena suncokreta, obzirom na vrijeme od žetve do ÄiÅ”Äenja i suÅ”enja sjemena, te kemijskih tretmana sjemena. Svaki tretman je istražen u laboratoriju (energija klijanja i klijavost) i polju (poljsko nicanje i urod zrna). StatistiÄki znaÄajno (P=0,05) najveÄu energiju klijanja (91,4%) a laboratorijsku klijavost (94,2%) imao je uzorak U1 (u najkraÄem vremenu oÄiÅ”Äen i osuÅ”en). Od kemijskih tretmana, statistiÄki znaÄajno (P=0,05), najveÄu energiju klijanja (91,3%) kao i laboratorijsku klijavost (93,5%) imala je kombinacija Apron XL 350 ES, KSj (metalaksil 35%) + Vitavax 200 FF, SC (karboksin 20% + tiram 20%), u koliÄini 300+250 ml/100 kg sjemena (kemijski tretman - T2). Za poljsko nicanje i urod zrna nisu utvrÄene statistiÄki znaÄajne razlike niti izmeÄu uzoraka sjemena niti kod kemijskih tretmana.In the paper are presented results of seed treatment investigation of sunflower, regarding a time from seed harvesting to cleaning and drying, and chemical seed treatments. Each treatment is examined in laboratory (seed vigor and germination) and field (field emergence and grain yield). Statistically significant (P=0,05), the highest seed vigor (91,4%) and laboratory germination (94,2%) had sample U1 (in shortest time cleaned and dried). From chemical treatments, statistically significant (P=0,05), the highest seed vigor (91,3%) as well as laboratory germination (93,5%) had combination Apron XL 350 ES, KSj (metalaxyl 35%) + Vitavax 200 FF, SC (carboxin 20% + thiram 20%), in dose 300+250 ml/100 kg of seed (chemical treatment - T2). For field emergence and grain yield have not found statistically significant differences neither between samples nor between chemical treatments
COMPOSITION AND CORRELATION AMONG THE FATTY ACIDS IN SUNFLOWER SEED OIL OF VARIOUS INBRED LINES
Za odreÄivanje sastava masnih kiselina u plodu suncokreta upotrebljene su 44 muÅ”ko-fertilne linije suncokreta u razliÄitim stupnjevima samooplodnje, stvorene na poljoprivrednom institutu u Osijeku. Masne kiseline odreÄene na plinskom kromatografu tvrtke Perkin-Elmer primjenom metode unutraÅ”nje normalizacije povrÅ”ina. Na temelju dobivenih podataka izraÄunate su aritmetiÄke sredine, mjere dispezije, koeficijenti linearne korelacije i koeficijent determinacije. Cilj je rada bio prikazati oblik meÄusobne ovisnosti udjela oleinske palmitinske, stearinske i linolne kiseline. Intenzitet korelacije je odreÄen prema Roemer-Orphalovoj klasifikaciji. Linearne regresila je pokazala negativnu i srednju korelaciju izmeÄu palmitinske i oleinske kiseline (r=-0.43). Veza izmeÄu oleinske i linolne kiseline bila je negativna i potpuna (r=-0.97). Pozitivna i slaba veza ustanovljena je izmeÄu stearinske i oleinske kiseline (r=0.30). Prema izraÄunatom koeficijentu determinacije (RĀ²=0.99) samo je 1% od zbroja ukupnih odstupanja nedefinirano vezom izmeÄu ispitivanih varijabli.For determination of the composition nof fatty acids of sunflower seed oil were used 44 mare-fertile sunflower lines in various degrees of inbreding, being the creations of the Osijek Agricultural Institute. Fatty acids were determined by Perkin-Elmer gas chromatography and the gas method of internal normalization of surfaces. The obtained data were used to calculate the aritmetic means, values of dispersion, coefficients of linear correlation and coefficient of determination. The objective of this research was to demonstrate the form of interactions among the ratios i.e., correlation of the oleic, parmitic, stearic and linoleic acids. The correlation intensity was determined according to the Roemer-Orphal classification. Linear regressions showed negative and mean correlation between the parmitic and oleic acid (r=-0.43). The correlation between the oleic and linoleic acid was negative and complete (r=-0.97). The positive and weak correlation was established between the stearic and oleic acid (r=0.30). According to the coefficient of determination (RĀ²=0.99) only 1% of the sum of the total deviations remained undefined by the correlation of the variables tested
DESICCATION IN ORDINARY AND STUBBLE SOWING OF SUNFLOWER
Sa svrhom utvrÄivanja uÄinka desikacije na vlagu i urod sjemena te neÄistoÄe, sadržaj ulja i cijenu suncokreta, u redovnoj i postrnoj sjetvi (poslije kamilice i ozimoga jeÄma), 2008. i 2009. godine postavljeni su poljski pokusi na povrÅ”inama poduzeÄa Bioagrar d.o.o. Ivanovci (Valpovo). U redovnoj sjetvi 2008. i 2009. godine,
u pokusima je bilo 6 hibrida suncokreta: LG 53.80M (2008.), LG 54.12 (2009.), Brio, LG 56.65M, Apolon, Šokac i OS-H-13, dok je u postrnoj sjetvi 2008. posijan hibrid LG 53.80M, a 2009. hibrid LG 54.12. Kao desikanti koriŔteni su Reglone forte [diquat] (3 l/ha) i Harvade 25F [dimethipin] (2 l/ha), uz utroŔak vode od 500 l/ha.
Desikacija je obavljena vuÄenom traktorskom prskalicom radnoga zahvata 18 m. U ovim istraživanjima, desikacija je bila vrlo korisna agrotehniÄka mjera, koja je znaÄajno ubrzala dozrijevanje suncokreta, osobito u postrnoj sjetvi, i smanjila prisustvo korova, Äime je omoguÄena ranija, lakÅ”a i brža žetva te ranija priprema polja
za sjetvu sljedeÄeg usjeva. S obzirom na cijene suncokreta, desikacija je isplativa u vremenski vlažnim godinama.Aiming to determine desiccation impact on seed moisture and yield, impurity, oil content and sunflower price, in ordinary and stubble sowing (after chamomile and winter barley) field trials were set up on the areas of Bioagrar Ltd. company Ivanovci (Valpovo ) in 2008 and 2009. Six sunflower hybrids: LG 53.80M (2008), LG 54.12 (2009), Brio, LG 56.65M, Apolon, Å okac and OS-H-13 were used in the trials in ordinary sowing of 2008 and 2009 while in stubble sowing of 2008 hybrid LG 53.80M was sown, and in 2009 hybrid LG 54.12. Reglone forte [diquat] (3 l/ha) and Harvade 25F [dimethipin] (2 l/ha) were used as desiccants applying 500 l water / ha. Desiccation was done by pulled tractor sprayer of 18 m working width. In these researches, desiccation was very useful agro-technical measure which considerably accelerated sunflower maturation, especially in a stubble sowing, and reduced presence of weeds. This, in turn, enabled earlier, easier and faster harvesting,
and earlier field preparation for the next crop sowing. Regarding sunflower prices, desiccation is profitable in wet weather years
Influence of seed treatment on oil content of sunflower seed
Zrno suncokreta specifiÄnih je svojstava s obzirom na genotip, proces dorade sjemena, tretman i skladiÅ”tenje a uslijed toga Äesto dolazi do promjene kemijskog sastava zrna. Ovim istraživanjem utvrÄena je promjena kemijskog sastava zrna (sadžaj ulja, %/ST) opadanje energije klijanja i klijavosti sjemena suncokreta, a ispitivanje je obavljeno na netretiranom (kontrola) i tretiranom sjemenu (T1 : Apron 35 DS + Geocid ST-35 i T2 : Apron 35 DS + Chinok 600FS). Analizirano je sjeme dva hibrida suncokreta Poljoprivrednog Instituta Osijek (Fakir, Apolon) nakon uskladiÅ”tenja od 12 mjeseci.
Sadržaj ulja u zrnu izmjeren je spektroskopskom metodom nuklearne magnetne rezonancije (NMR). Rezultati istraživanja su pokazali da sjeme hibrida Fakir ima manji sadržaj ulja (47,16%) od sjemena hibrida Apolon (51,37%). Nakon skladiÅ”tenja naturalno sjeme imalo je veÄi sadržaj ulja od tretiranog sjemena (od 3,11 do 6,05%). Tretiranjem sjemena pripravkom Apron + Geocid sadržaj ulja oba hibrida suncokreta je umanjen od 6,07 do 7,01%. Dobivene razlike u smanjenju sadržaja ulja u sjemenu tijekom skladiÅ”tenja prema F-testu su statistiÄki vrlo znaÄajne ovisno o hibridu, tretmanu i ambalaži.Sunflower seed have specific characteristic considering of seed processing, storage and seed treatment. During the storage time of seed supply, seed quality is often reduced.
Significant influence on reduction of seed quality have: hybrid, storage time and condition, the way of packing seed and seed treatment. This research analyse decreasing of chemical composition of sunflower seed on untreated (control) and wet treated seed (T1: Apron 35 DS + Geocid ST-35 i T2: Apron 35 DS+Chinok600FS) on hybrids of sunflower created on Agricultural institute Osijek (Fakir, Apolon) during the 12 months of storage.
Content of total oil was determined by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy method.
Sunflower seed of Fakir hybrid was, at the initial storage, characterized by 47,165% of oil content whereas sunflower seed of Apolon hybrid was known for 51,37% of oil content. Twelve months later oil content of treated sunflower seed was lower for 3,11-6,05%. Lower oil decrease was noticed in PVC package and higher in the paper one. Seed treatment with the agent Apron + Geocid reduced oil of both hybrids for 6,07-7,01%
Foliar application og fungicides in soybean
Tijekom tri godine na polju Poljoprivrednog instituta Osijek istražena je uÄinkovitost folijarne primjene fungicida u suzbijanju mikoza soje u usporedbi s netretiranom kontrolom. Pokus je postavljen po blok metodi u Äetiri ponavljanja, a obuhvaÄao je Å”est genotipova soje Poljoprivrednog instituta Osijek (0-I grupa zriobe) i sedam tretmana (jednokratno u fenofazi R3 do R4 soje). Tehnologija proizvodnje soje bila je optimalna.
Neposredno pred žetvu obavljeno je ocjenjivanje nazoÄnosti i intenziteta uzroÄnika bolesti, a poslije žetve uzeti su uzorci sjemena za odreÄivanje zdravstvenog stanja u laboratoriju. Dominantni paraziti na polju bili su predstavnici Diaporthe/Phomopsis kompleksa, a na sjemenu Trichoderma spp., Penicillium spp., Fusarium spp., Rhyzopus spp., Aspergillus spp. i Peronospora manshurica.
Nakon žetve, urod zrna s parcele je preraÄunat u kg/ha. Podaci su sistematizirani i statistiÄki obraÄeni. UtvrÄene su statistiÄki znaÄajne razlike za godinu, genotip i tretman, te interakciju godina x genotip, godina x tretman, genotip x tretman, dok za interakciju godina x tretman x genotip razlike nisu utvrÄene.
Najrodniji genotipovi bili su genotip 3 (4646 kg/ha 1999., 3820 kg/ha 2000. i ukupno 4492 kg/ha) i genotip 6 (5046 kg/ha 2001. godine). Postojale su znaÄajne i vrlo znaÄajne razlike svake godine izmeÄu kontrole i tretmana, kao i izmeÄu pojedinih tretmana. Podaci obraÄeni za sve godine zajedno ukazuju na znaÄajne i vrlo znaÄajne razlike samo izmeÄu kontrole i tretmana, dok izmeÄu tretmana razlike nisu utvrÄene.
Najzdravije biljke bile su u tretmanu s Impact-C, najzdravije sjeme s Merpan + Bavistin i najviÅ”i urod zrna s Polyram + Bavistin. Najzdraviji genotip u polju i najzdravije sjeme imao je genotip 3. PrimijeÄeno je da pojedini genotipovi preferiraju odreÄene tretmane. Sjeme nekih genotipova nije bilo zaraženo s pojedinim uzroÄnicima bolesti.
MiÅ”ljenja smo da bi u iznimnim uvjetima ipak bilo korisno tretirati barem sjemenski usjev soje, o Äemu odluku treba donijeti struÄnjak na osnovi dobrog poznavanja cjelokupne problematike.During three years on field of The Agricultural Institute Osijek foliary applied fungicides in control of soybean micosis in comparison with untreated control were investigated. Trial was set as block method in four replicates included six soybean genotypes creation of The Agricultural Institute Osijek (0-I maturity group) and seven treatment (occuring once in R3 to R4 stage of development). Optimal agricultural management was carried out.
Just before harvest, presence and intensity of disease evaluation was carried out. After harvest, seed sample were taken for health condition evaluation in laboratory. Predominant parasites in the filed were fungi from Diaporthe/Phomopsis complex, and on seed Trichoderma spp., Penicillium spp., Fusarium spp., Rhyzopus spp., Aspergillus spp. and Peronospora manshurica.
After harvest, grain yield from small plot was calculated in kg/ha. Data were sistematized and statisticaly processed. Statisticaly significant differences were established for year, genotype and treatment as well as for interaction year x genotype, year x treatment and genotype x treatment. For interaction genotype x treatment x year statistical differences were not established.
The most yielded genotypes were genotype 3 (4646 kg/ha 1999, 3820 kg/ha 2000 and in total 4492 kg/ha) and genotype 6 (5046 kg/ha on year 2001). Each year significant and highly significant differences were recorded between control and treatment, as well as between different treatments. Summarized data for all years shows on significant and highly significant differences only between control and treatment while between treatment differences were not established.
The healthiest plants were in treatment with Impact-C, the healthiest seed with Merpan + Bavistin and the highest grain yield with Polyram + Bavistin. The healthiest genotype in field and the healthiest seed had genotype 3. It was observed that some genotypes prefered definite treatments. Seed of some genotypes was not diseased with casual agents of some diseases.
Our opinion is that in exceptional conditions would be usful to apply fungicides at least on soybean fields for seed production. Decision of treatment shoud be meade by an expert on the basis of good knowledge of total problems