Behaviour and well-being of dairy cows in modern livestock production

U današnjim uvjetima intenzivne proizvodnje od neobične je važnosti osigurati životinjama što prirodniji stajski okoliš u kojemu će njihove vitalne i proizvodne funkcije doći do punog izražaja. Da bi mliječne krave izrazile svoj puni proizvodni potencijal potrebno im je osigurati optimalan smještaj i ambijentalne uvjete. Njihov smještaj u stajama može biti vezani i slobodni i svaki od njih ima svoje prednosti i nedostatke. Bez obzira na način smještaja od velike je važnosti dimenzija ležišta i nasteljenost. Udoban i kvalitetan ležaj omogućuje kravama dugo vremensko razdoblje odmaranja i preživanja, što povoljno utječe na njihovo zdravlje i mliječnost. Osim toga, udoban ležaj preventiva je bolesti nogu (hromosti, laminitisa i sl.). Dobra mikroklima u objektu, uz ostale važne čimbenike, preduvjet je uspješnog uzgoja. Važni čimbenici mikroklime su temperaturno-vlažni odnosi, strujanje zraka, osvijetljenost i zračna onečišćenja od kojih su najvažniji sadržaj amonijaka, ugljičnog dioksida, prašine i mikroorganizama. Ukoliko smještaj i ambijentalne prilike nisu prikladni, mogu nastati razne ozljede (nagaz repova i vimena, lomova ekstremiteta, respiratornih i probavnih smetnji i neprihvatljivih oblika ponašanja poput frustracija i stereotipija). Zbog toga je potrebno mliječnim kravama osigurati uvjete za zadovoljavanje njihovih fizioloških i socijalnih potreba i činiti sve u skladu s onim što životinja osjeća. Dobrobit se može opisati kao veoma dobra, ako su životinje u dobroj formi i zdrave i ako se osjećaju dobro i da ne pate.In today’s conditions of intensive production, it is of the utmost importance to provide animals with as natural a barn environment as possible, where their vital and production functions will be fully expressed. In order for dairy cows to express their full production potential, they need to be provided with optimal housing and ambient conditions. Their housing in stables can be tied or free, and each method has its advantages and disadvantages. Regardless of the method of accommodation, the size of the bed and its arrangement are of great importance. A comfortable and high-quality bed enables cows to rest and ruminate for a long period of time, which has a favourable effect on their health and milk secretion. In addition, a comfortable bed is a preventive measure against leg diseases, such as lameness, laminitis, etc. A good microclimate in the facility, along with other important factors, is a prerequisite for successful production. Important factors of the microclimate are temperature-humidity relations, air flow, lighting and air pollution, the most important of which are the content of ammonia, carbon dioxide, dust and microorganisms. If the housing and ambient conditions are not suitable, various injuries can occur, such as stepping on tails and udders, limb fractures, respiratory and digestive disorders, and unacceptable forms of behaviour, such as frustrations and stereotypies. For this reason, it is necessary to ensure the physiological and social needs of dairy cows and to act in accordance with what the animal feels. Accordingly, welfare can be described as very good if the animals are in good shape and healthy, and if they feel well and are without suffering

Utjecaj mikroklime na brojnost gljivica u zraku staje za muzne krave i njihovo širenje u neposredan okoliš

The aim of the study was to determine fungi count in a dairy barn and its immediate environment and to help establish borderline values in line with EU recommendations on airborne emissions from animal housing. A Merck MAS-100 air sampler was employed with respective nutrient agar for the capture, incubation and counting of airborne fungi. Air temperature, relative humidity and air velocity were simultaneously determined by a Testo 400 device. Air sampling was done once a week in the morning (at 7:30), in the middle of the day (at 12:30) and in the evening (at 18:30), during two autumn months. Within the barn, measurements were performed in the animal housing area along the feedlot and outside the barn at a distance of 5 m, 25 m and 50 m, downwind and upwind from the barn. The mean values of total airborne fungi count in the barn air were 5.85×104 /m3 in the morning, 5.52×104 CFU/m3 at noon, and 6.01×104 CFU/m3 in the evening. The fungi count showed a statistically significant decrease as close as 5 m to the barn (P<0.05). The microclimate parameters measured in the barn were within the standard values for dairy barn indoor atmospheres.Svrha ovoga istraživanja bila je odrediti brojnost gljivica u zraku staje za muzne krave i njezinom neposrednom okolišu da bi se mogle postaviti granične vrijednosti sukladno s preporukom stručnjaka EU o zračnim onečišćenjima iz životinjskih nastambi. Uzorci zraka u kojem je određivan broj gljivica bili su uzimani uređajem MERCK MAS-100 (MERCK KgaA, Darmstadt) na gotove podloge hranjivoga agara. U isto vrijeme mjerena je temperatura, relativna vlaga i brzina strujanja zraka pomoću uređaja TESTO 400. Mjerenja su obavljana u jutro (7:30), u podne (12:30) i na večer (18:30) jedanput tjedno tijekom dva jesenska mjeseca. U staji su mjerenja obavljana u zoni boravka životinja duž hranidbenoga hodnika, a izvan staje na udaljenostima od 5 m, 25 m i 50 m istočno i zapadno od staje. Izmjerene srednje vrijednosti ukupnog broja gljivica u staji iznosile su 5,85×104 CFU/m3 u jutarnjem terminu, 5.52×S104 CFU/m3 u podnevnom mjerenju te 6.01×104 CFU/m3 u večernjem terminu mjerenja. Izvan staje brojnost gljivica značajno se smanjivala već na 5 metara udaljenosti od staje, na obje strane svijeta, što je dokazano Wilcoxonovim testom ekvivalentnih parova na razini statističke značajnosti P<0,05. Izmjereni mikroklimatski pokazatelji u staji bili su unutar standardnih vrijednosti

Aktivnost glutation-peroksidaze u krvi goveda pri različitim uvjetima pohranjivanja uzoraka.

The purpose was to determine glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities in samples of whole blood of fattening yearlings under different storage conditions. Blood samples from v. jugularis were taken from seven healthy male animals aged 6-8 months into Vacutainer epruvettes. Each sample was separated into nine Eppendorf epruvettes. Four samples from each animal were stored in a refrigerator at 4 oC, while five samples were stored in a freezer at -20 oC. The glutinatione peroxidase activity in samples was determined immediately, and on the first, second, fourth and seventh days after the samples were taken. In samples stored at -20 oC activity was also determined on the 15th day after sample taking. GSH-Px activity was determined by the RANSEL (Randox-Laboratories) method. The average value of enzyme activity increased during the first seven days of measuring in all tested samples (P>0.05), although it is pointed out that the increase was lower in the frozen samples. Also, on the fifteenth day, GSH-Px activity in samples stored at -20 oC returned to its starting values (P<0.05). The study suggests to determine glutathione peroxidase activity within two days after collection in samples stored at 4 oC, and within 15 days in frozen samples.Određivana je aktivnost glutation-peroksidaze u punoj krvi tovne junadi pri različitim uvjetima pohranjivanja uzoraka. Pretraženi su bili uzorci od sedam zdravih bičića u dobi 6-8 mjeseci. Krv je uzimana iz jugularne vene u Vacutainer epruvete. Svaki od sedam krvnih uzoraka bio je razdijeljen u 9 Eppendorf epruveta. Četiri uzorka od jedne životinje bila su pohranjena u hladnjak na 4 °C, a pet uzoraka u zamrzivač na -20 °C. Aktivnost glutation peroksidaze u uzorcima pohranjenima na 4 °C i -20 °C određivana je netom nakon uzimanja, zatim prvoga, drugoga, četvrtoga i sedmoga dana nakon uzimanja, a u uzorcima pohranjenim na -20 °C još i petnaestoga dana nakon uzimanja krvi. Aktivnost GSH-Px određivana je RANSEL (Randox-Laboratories) metodom. Dobivenim vrijednostima izračunata je srednja vrijednost i analiza varijance. U svim istraživanim uzorcima srednja vrijednost aktivnosti enzima blago se povećala u prvih 7 dana mjerenja, s time da je manje rasla u uzorcima koji su bili zamrznuti. Blagi porast izmjerene aktivnosti može se pripisati dehidraciji pohranjenoga uzorka. U uzorcima pohranjenima na -20 °C aktivnost GSH-Px petnaesti se dan vratila na početne vrijednosti. Istraživanje upućuje na potrebu da se uzorci pohranjeni na 4 °C pretraže unutar dva dana, a zamznuti na -20 unutar 15 dana od vađenja krvi

The Vindol Statute on Animals and Products of Animal Origin, dating from 1288

Zna se da su najstariji stanovnici Vinodola bili Japodi i Liburni, a od 2. st. pr. n. e. na ovo područje počinju pristizati Rimljani. Bribir je bio sjedište vinodolskog kraja. Vinodolski zakon sastavila je komisija od predstavnika devet općina (Grobnik, Trsat, Bakar, Hreljin, Drivenik, Grižane, Bribir, Novi, Ledenice). Slaveni na ovo područje dolaze krajem 6. stoljeća. Vinodolski je zakon donesen u prisutnosti kneza Leonarda iz moćne velikaške obitelji krčkih knezova, koji su se kasnije nazvali Frankopani i koji su još u 17. stoljeću držali grad Novi. No veći dio drugih gradova nalazio se pod vlašću znamenite velikaške obitelji Zrinski, sve do tragedije Petra Zrinskog i Frana Krste Frankopana 1671. godine. Zakon ima 75 članaka od čega se u 13 članaka spominju životinje, odnosno pastir koji je mogao biti svjedokom. Većina se tih članaka odnosi na davanja životinja, bilo kao obveza bilo kao kazna za učinjeno nedjelo.It is known that the oldest inhabitants of Vinodol were Japods and Liburns, and from the 2nd century A.D. Romans began to arrive in this area. Bribir was the seat of the Vindol area. The Vindol Statute was drawn up by a commission comprised of representatives of nine municipalities (Grobnik, Trsat, Bakar, Hreljin, Drivenik, Grižane, Bribir, Novi and Ledenice). The Slavs came to this area at the end of the 6th century. The Vinodol Statute was adopted in the presence of Prince Leonard, from the powerful family of Krk Princes, who later came to be known as Frankopan and who still held the town of Novi in the 17th century. However most of the other towns were under the rule of the famous Zrinski family, right up to the tragic deaths of Petar Zrinski and Fran Krst Frankopan in 1671. The Statute has 75 Articles, of which 13 mention animals, or a shepherd, who may have been a witness. Most of those Articles have to do with giving animals away, whether as an obligation or as a punishment for a crime committed

The Statute of Senj from 1388 on animals and animal products

Od 168 glava koliko ima Senjski statut iz 1388. godine, na držanje životinja otpada 9 (5,35 %) i proizvode životinjskog podrijetla (meso, riba) 12 glava (7,1 %) ili ukupno 12,5 %. Statut je prvi put objavio Ivan Mažuranić.Of the 168 chapters in the Statute of Senj dating from 1388, 9 (5.35%) deal with the keeping of animals and 12 chapters (7.1%) with products of animal origin (meat, fish), or in total 12.5%. The statute was first published by Ivan Mažuranić

Procjena dobrobiti mliječnih krava držanih na vezu

Welfare assessment methods and techniques developed as a result of great interest of scientific and consumer populations regarding the welfare of animals housed in farms. In view of the fact that welfare by definition includes both physical and mental health, the welfare quality assessment includes an extensive number of measures. Welfare assessment was performed in two stables in which cows are kept in tie-stall by using the specific method described in the Welfare Quality® Assessment Protocol for Cattle. The measures included body condition score, qualitative behaviour assessment and body hygiene. The welfare assessment confirmed the importance of quality housing for ensuring better performance from animals, thus also affecting their health and productivity. It also pointed out the necessity of freeing animals by providing them with the possibility of free movement, whereat they can exhibit their physiological behaviour. It is definitely important to continue research, expand the number of researched measures in order to confirm the most useful indicators for welfare assessment and to identify the factors that within the animals’ physical and social environment affect the increase of their welfare.Zbog velike pozornosti znanstvene i populacije potrošača na dobrobit životinja smještenih na farmama razvile su se tehnike i metode procjene dobrobiti. Obzirom da dobrobit kao pojam uključuje i fizičko i mentalno zdravlje, veliki je broj mjera koje su uključene u kvalitetnu procjenu. Procjena dobrobiti provedena je u dvije staje u kojima se krave drže na vezu, specifičnim metodama opisanim u Welfare Quality® assessment protocol for cattle. Mjere su uključivale stanje kondicije krava, kvalitativnu procjenu ponašanja i higijenu tijela. Procjena dobrobiti potvrdila je važnost kvalitete smještaja za osiguravanje boljih performansi životinja, čime se utječe i na njihovo zdravlje i proizvodnost. Ukazala je i na nužnost oslobađanja životinja, osiguravajući im mogućnost slobodnog kretanja, pri čemu one mogu ispoljiti svoje fiziološko ponašanje. Svakako je važno nastaviti istraživanja, proširiti broj pretraženih mjera, da bi se potvrdili najkorisniji pokazatelji za procjenu dobrobiti te identificirali čimbenici unutar fizičkog i društvenog okoliša životinja koji utječu na povećanje njihove dobrobiti

The Statute of Krk (Vrbnik) from 1388

Kukuljević ovaj statut naziva Krčkim statutom jer se odnosio na cijeli otok Krk, iako je bio svjestan da se veći broj odredbi odnosi samo na Vrbnik, a Rački i Crnčić nazvali su ga „Statut vrbanski a donekle i svega krčkoga otoka“. Za kodifikaciju iz 1388. g., koja je važila za cijeli otok, izričito se kaže da je to statut, propisi što su 1470. g. doneseni za uređenje odnosa između Vrbnika i Baške također se nazivaju statuti, isto tako knjiga koja je vezana za pravne norme nazivala se statut. Po ovom statutu prisežnici (jurati) su za vrijeme mletačke vlasti, točnije 1513. – 1517. davali pred providurom zakletvu da će svoje zadatke obavljati u skladu s interesima „gospode i podložnikov“, to jest među ostalim prijavljivati zlodjela kao što su prodavanje „lažnog mesa“ i prodavanje ribe protivno odredbama i cijenama. Ovaj statut posebnu pozornost, kad su u pitanju životinje i proizvodi životinjskog podrijetla, posvećuje krađi domaćih životinja, procjeni i naplati štete u usjevima koje su počinile životinje te cijeni prodaje pojedinih vrsta ribe i načinu držanja životinja. Prema ovom statutu dvornik je službenik koji pomaže u nekim upravnim i sudskim poslovima, a permani su bili sudski izvršni organi.Kukuljević names this Statute the Statute of Krk since it related to the entire Island of Krk, although he was aware that most of the provisions relate only to Vrbnik, and Rački and Crnčić called it: “the Statute of Vrbnik, and to some extent of the entire Island of Krk”. Of the codification of 1388, which applied to the entire island, it is expressly stated that it is a statute, the regulations adopted in 1470 for regulating relations between Vrbnik and Baška are also known as statutes, and the book related to legal standards was also called a statute. Under this statute, during the period of Venetian rule, more precisely from 1513 to 1517, the jurats (lay judges) took an oath before the Proveditore that they would perform their tasks in line with the interests of the “gentry and subjects”, that is, amongst other things they would report crimes such as selling “false meat”, and selling fish in violation of the provisions and prices. This statute, in terms of animals and products of animal origin, pays particular attention to theft of domestic animals, assessment and payment of compensation for damage to crops caused by animals, the prices for the sale of individual species of fish and how to keep animals. According to this statute a “dvornik” is an official who assists in some administrative and judicial tasks, and “permani” were the judicial executive bodies

The Statute of Mljet of 1345 and the Council of Mljet and miscellaneous decisions by the Senate, commands of the gentlemen of the Minor Council, and the gentlemen health inspectors of 1774-1782

Čini se da je na otoku Mljetu bio veći broj različitih vrsta domaćih životinja. U više odredbi Statut propisuje uzgoj stoke i njezin odnos prema obrađenim poljima, vinogradima, načinu njezina iskorištavanja, vaganju i prodaji mesa i sira, ali i kazne za učinjenu štetu u poljima i vinogradima. U Statutu su 22 članka posvećena životinjama od čega je pet članaka posvećeno krađi životinja, šest članaka ispaši životinja, tri članaka odnose se na štete od životinja i njihove naknade te jedan članak na davanje životinja. Jedan članak odnosi se na vagu i vaganje životinjskih proizvoda te šest članaka na prodaju mesa i sira. Od 1774. do 1782. g. doneseno je devet odredbi koje se odnose na životinje i proizvode životinjskog podrijetla. Od toga se šest članaka odnosi na način držanja životinja, to jest vođenje životinja u Vodice, zabranu boravka životinja u vinogradima, obrađenom zemljištu i šumama, uz propisan način naknade štete i plaćanja kazne. U ovom se dijelu navodi obvezno posjedovanje torova i pastira koji nisu mogli biti mlađi od 14 godina. Isto tako se propisuje klanje i način prodaje te cijena domaćeg i uvoznog mesa.It seems that on the Island of Mljet there was a large number of species of domestic animals. Several provisions of the Statute prescribe how to raise livestock, and their relationship to arable fields and vineyards, how the animals could be used, weighing and selling meat and cheese, but also penalties for causing damage in fields and vineyards. In the Statute there are 22 articles devoted to animals, of which five are related to theft of animals, six to pasturing animals, three to damage caused by animals and compensation for it, and one article to giving animals. One article is about scales and weighing animal products, and six articles about selling meat and cheese. From 1774 to 1782 nine provisions were adopted relating to animals and products of animal origin. Of these, six articles relate to how to keep animals, that is taking animals to Vodice, and prohibition of keeping animals in vineyards, cultivated land and forests, with the prescribed form of compensation and payment of fines. This part also mentions that it is compulsory to have a fold and a shepherd, who cannot be younger than 14 years of age. It also prescribes ways of slaughtering animals, and the sale and prices of local and imported meat

The Statute of the Dvigrad Municipality from the beginning of the 15th Century

Statut ima 194 glave, a na životinje i proizvode od životinja otpada 11 glava ili 5,6 %. O načinu držanja životinja govori se u jednoj glavi, o štetama na životinjama i od životinja kao i o proizvodima životinjskoga podrijetla govori se u pet glava.The Statute has 194 chapters and 11 chapters, or 5.6%, relate to animals and products of animal origin. One chapter deals with ways of keeping animals, and five chapters deal with damage caused to animals and by animals, and products of animal origin

Statut grada Bala iz 1467. i njegov tršćanski rukopis iz 1467.

Statut ima 159 glava od čega se 26 ili 16,35 % glava odnosi na životinje i životinjske proizvode. Od toga se na način držanja životinja odnosi 15 glava, na štetu od životinja i na životinjama odnosi se šest glava, a na proizvode životinjskoga podrijetla pet glava