Les modes de réglementation sociale à l'heure de l'ouverture des frontières : quelques réflexions autour des modèles européen et nord-américain

Le présent article s'intéresse à la façon dont se développe la réglementation sociale à l'intérieur d'un espace commercial international intégré. La Communauté économique européenne (CEE) offre un modèle interventionniste, les traités internationaux à sa base prévoyant certaines mesures d'harmonisation et d'uniformisation de la réglementation sociale en vigueur dans les différents États membres. Ces objectifs d'harmonisation sociale ont été pris en charge par des instances communautaires dont les décisions sont contraignantes à l'endroit des États nationaux. Au contraire, l'Accord de libre-échange entre le Canada et les États-Unis ne contient aucune mesure de réglementation sociale. Cette question relève toujours de la souveraineté de chacun des deux pays participant et aucune instance communautaire n'est compétente en la matière. Le degré relativement faible d'intégration poursuivi par l'Accord comme la similarité de la réglementation sociale en vigueur au Canada et aux États-Unis peut justifier ce silence de l'Accord de libre-échange en matière sociale. Cependant, dans la mesure où cet accord sera étendu à d'autres pays, comme le Mexique, l'exemple de la CEE deviendra plus pertinent.This article deals with the development of social regulation that applies within an integrated international and commercial space. On the one hand, the European Economic Community presents an interventionist model since the founding international treatises provide, to some extent, for the harmonization and uniformity of existing social regulation in each participating state. The responsability of implementing this policy of social harmonization has been conferred on some Community-level bodies whose decisions bind the national states. On the other hand, Canada-U.S. Free-Trade Agreement does not deal with social regulation. This mater still remains within the exclusive jurisdiction of each of the two participating states and no community body has jurisdiction over the issue. The relatively low degree of integration implemented by the Agreement and the similarity of the social regulation in force in Canada and the United States explain why the Free-Trade Agreement is silent on social matters. However, if the Agreement is to be extended to some other countries, such as Mexico, the European example may become more relevant

Introduction

Les restructurations sont au cœur des recherches d’équipes pluridisciplinaires en France, en Europe, en raison des défis posés par la mondialisation  : elles sont un symptôme des transformations profondes de l’économie au plan global, appréhendées sous divers angles (statistiques, économiques, sociologiques, juridiques) avec toujours autant de difficultés, en raison de leur caractère polymorphe et évolutif. Il reste encore délicat d’arrêter une définition précise des restructurations, qui imp..

L'élargissement de l'espace social: l'exemple européen

Depuis 1958, le droit social communautaire se forge. Mais avec la réalisation du grand marché intérieur en 1992 se trouve posées de nouvelles problématiques sociales qui peuvent être rapprochées de celles qui résulteront de l'ouverture économique entre les USA et le Canada avec l'Accord de libre-échange. Elles s'articulent autour de la nécessaire mobilité des travailleurs et de la recherche d'un statut social pour le travailleur communautaire.Social communal rights have been forging since 1958. New social problematics concerning the 1992 Common Market which can be compared from those resulting from the Free Trade Agreement between the U.S.A. and Canada are being questioned. These concerns focus on the necessity of workers mobility and their pursuit for a social status.I. The workers mobility should be increased to permit growth of economie trade and competitivity. The "liberty of circulation" principle for workers is based on community standards which permit and assure wage earners personal and family rights and of its protection. But the new stake is one of qualifications; so it is therefore necessary to acknowledge qualifications to increase the workers mobility; this can only be achieved through a true European negotiation, and in all professional branches.Without of such a negotiation, European groups would form their own mobility rules.II. The social status of European workers represents the genuine challenge for social Europe. Directives of key subjects on the economie (economie layoffs, company transfers) or social evolutions (equality M/W) have already been elaborated. Through the unique European Act, elaboration of restrictive norms in matters of hygiene and security and also by implementing a base for directive principles, a new movement model appears.1. Regarding wage earners health and safety, technical and main directives have been issued, but the effectiveness of a true health protection community policy for workers is very difficult to control.2. The recognition of fundamental social rights has been acquired since 1989 through adoption of the Charter, but its impact remains disputed: So the manifestation of social Europe depends either on the Commission's actions or on the development of a European negotiation.Standards that are susceptible of being harmonized are very delicate at the Commission's level (example: salary matters, precarious labour contracts). With a lack of institutional setting and adapted structures, European negotiation does not exist.Only a "social dialogue" would permit a concerted effort of social partners. Normative construction is therefore considerable and at the same time limited; it would seem that if a social European space exists, social Europe is not yet built

DMTs and Covid-19 severity in MS: a pooled analysis from Italy and France

We evaluated the effect of DMTs on Covid-19 severity in patients with MS, with a pooled-analysis of two large cohorts from Italy and France. The association of baseline characteristics and DMTs with Covid-19 severity was assessed by multivariate ordinal-logistic models and pooled by a fixed-effect meta-analysis. 1066 patients with MS from Italy and 721 from France were included. In the multivariate model, anti-CD20 therapies were significantly associated (OR = 2.05, 95%CI = 1.39–3.02, p < 0.001) with Covid-19 severity, whereas interferon indicated a decreased risk (OR = 0.42, 95%CI = 0.18–0.99, p = 0.047). This pooled-analysis confirms an increased risk of severe Covid-19 in patients on anti-CD20 therapies and supports the protective role of interferon

Effects of eight neuropsychiatric copy number variants on human brain structure

Many copy number variants (CNVs) confer risk for the same range of neurodevelopmental symptoms and psychiatric conditions including autism and schizophrenia. Yet, to date neuroimaging studies have typically been carried out one mutation at a time, showing that CNVs have large effects on brain anatomy. Here, we aimed to characterize and quantify the distinct brain morphometry effects and latent dimensions across 8 neuropsychiatric CNVs. We analyzed T1-weighted MRI data from clinically and non-clinically ascertained CNV carriers (deletion/duplication) at the 1q21.1 (n = 39/28), 16p11.2 (n = 87/78), 22q11.2 (n = 75/30), and 15q11.2 (n = 72/76) loci as well as 1296 non-carriers (controls). Case-control contrasts of all examined genomic loci demonstrated effects on brain anatomy, with deletions and duplications showing mirror effects at the global and regional levels. Although CNVs mainly showed distinct brain patterns, principal component analysis (PCA) loaded subsets of CNVs on two latent brain dimensions, which explained 32 and 29% of the variance of the 8 Cohen’s d maps. The cingulate gyrus, insula, supplementary motor cortex, and cerebellum were identified by PCA and multi-view pattern learning as top regions contributing to latent dimension shared across subsets of CNVs. The large proportion of distinct CNV effects on brain morphology may explain the small neuroimaging effect sizes reported in polygenic psychiatric conditions. Nevertheless, latent gene brain morphology dimensions will help subgroup the rapidly expanding landscape of neuropsychiatric variants and dissect the heterogeneity of idiopathic conditions

Contrat de travail international. Absence de détachement temporaire. Loi applicable. Convention de Rome

International audienc

Loi applicable au contrat de travail international. Lieu d'exécution habituel du travail

International audienc