72 research outputs found
Comment les agriculteurs mobilisent-ils des interventions de développement ?
De nombreuses Ă©tudes traitent des modalitĂ©s d’intervention des agents de dĂ©veloppement agricole. Mais la plupart n’aborde pas la façon dont les agriculteurs mobilisent ces interventions pour dĂ©velopper leur activitĂ© ou eux-mĂŞmes. L’analyse des travaux conduits sur la modĂ©lisation de l’activitĂ© agricole et sur la façon dont cette dernière guide le travail d’appui Ă des processus de dĂ©veloppement nous conduit Ă proposer de renouveler ces approches en cherchant Ă comprendre comment les agriculteurs mobilisent des ressources informationnelles pour faire face Ă leurs situations de travail mais aussi pour dĂ©velopper leur activitĂ© et eux-mĂŞmes. Nous prĂ©cisons tout d’abord ce que nous entendons par ressources informationnelles, pour montrer ensuite la diversitĂ© de logiques de mobilisation des ressources informationnelles externes telle qu’elle ressort de nos entretiens avec 30 Ă©leveurs de bovins allaitants. Nous proposons ensuite quelques pistes pour mieux comprendre comment les ressources informationnelles sont mobilisĂ©es par les agriculteurs pour transformer leur activitĂ© sur la base de suivis longitudinaux rĂ©alisĂ©s dans 9 exploitations. Ceci nous permet de dessiner quelques pistes pour renouveler la façon d’aborder l’intervention des conseillers en agriculture.Many studies have dealt with developmental intervention in agriculture, most of them have do not pay attention to the way farmers use such intervention to develop their activity or themselves. The review of existing approaches of farming activity and their translation into developmental approach leads us to propose to renew such approaches by understanding the way farmers mobilize informational resources in order to cope with their situation but also to develop their activity and themselves. We firstly qualify the notion of informational resources, and then display the diversity of livestock farmers’ logics for mobilizing external immaterial resources as it emerges from our inquiry amongst 30 livestock farmers. Based on longitudinal follow-up in 9 farms, we then propose some tracks to understand how farmers link internal and external resources to develop their activity. We draw some perspectives along which this work can be useful to propose new developmental intervention in agriculture.Numerosos estudios tratan las modalidades de intervenciĂłn de los agentes de desarrollo agrĂcola. Pero, en su mayorĂa, no abordan la manera en la cual los agricultores movilizan esas intervenciones para desarrollar su actividad o para desarrollarse personalmente. El análisis de los trabajos que proponen modelos descriptivos de la actividad agrĂcola y de la forma en que Ă©sta Ăşltima guĂa el trabajo de apoyo a los procesos de desarrollo, nos lleva a proponer una renovaciĂłn de los enfoques, buscando comprender no solo cĂłmo los agricultores movilizan los recursos informacionales para enfrentar sus situaciones de trabajo sino, tambiĂ©n, para desarrollar sus actividades y para desarrollarse personalmente. Primero, especificaremos lo que entendemos por recursos informacionales para, luego, mostrar la diversidad de lĂłgicas de movilizaciĂłn de los recursos informacionales externos, tal como surge de nuestras entrevistas con 30 criadores de ganado bovino para lactancia. A continuaciĂłn, y sobre la base del seguimiento longitudinal realizado en nueve explotaciones, proponemos algunas pistas para comprender mejor cĂłmo son movilizados los recursos informacionales por los agricultores, para transformar su actividad. Esto nos permite trazar algunas pistas para renovar la manera de abordar la intervenciĂłn de los asesores en agricultura
An integrated method to analyze farm vulnerability to climatic and economic variability according to farm configurations and farmers' adaptations
The need to adapt to decrease farm vulnerability to adverse contextual events has been extensively discussed on a theoretical basis. We developed an integrated and operational method to assess farm vulnerability to multiple and interacting contextual changes and explain how this vulnerability can best be reduced according to farm configurations and farmers' technical adaptations over time. Our method considers farm vulnerability as a function of the raw measurements of vulnerability variables (e.g., economic efficiency of production), the slope of the linear regression of these measurements over time, and the residuals of this linear regression. The last two are extracted from linear mixed models considering a random regression coefficient (an intercept common to all farms), a global trend (a slope common to all farms), a random deviation from the general mean for each farm, and a random deviation from the general trend for each farm. Among all possible combinations, the lowest farm vulnerability is obtained through a combination of high values of measurements, a stable or increasing trend and low variability for all vulnerability variables considered. Our method enables relating the measurements, trends and residuals of vulnerability variables to explanatory variables that illustrate farm exposure to climatic and economic variability, initial farm configurations and farmers' technical adaptations over time. We applied our method to 19 cattle (beef, dairy, and mixed) farms over the period 20082013. Selected vulnerability variables, i.e., farm productivity and economic efficiency, varied greatly among cattle farms and across years, with means ranging from 43.0 to 270.0 kg protein/ha and 29.4-66.0% efficiency, respectively. No farm had a high level, stable or increasing trend and low residuals for both farm productivity and economic efficiency of production. Thus, the least vulnerable farms represented a compromise among measurement value, trend, and variability of both performances. No specific combination of farmers' practices emerged for reducing cattle farm vulnerability to climatic and economic variability. In the least vulnerable farms, the practices implemented (stocking rate, input use ...) were more consistent with the objective of developing the properties targeted (efficiency, robustness ...). Our method can be used to support farmers with sector-specific and local insights about most promising farm adaptations
Mobiliser en partenariat les principes de l'agroécologie pour reconcevoir des systèmes ovins lait productifs plus autonomes
L’intensification de l’élevage et la spécialisation ont conduit à une diminution des surfaces en prairies naturelles (Kristensen et al. 2005), y compris dans les zones défavorisées (Quetier et al., 2005). Pourtant, face aux changements globaux en cours, les éleveurs doivent renforcer la durabilité de leur exploitation. Plusieurs auteurs évoquent le recours à l’agroécologie pour favoriser la conception de systèmes agricoles durables (Gliesman, 1998; Altieri, 2002). Pour y parvenir, des principes de l’agroécologie ont été énoncés mais ils restent cependant relativement généraux et appliqués aux systèmes de productions végétales (Altieri, 2002). Leur application au domaine de l’élevage est récent (Dumont et al., 2013 ; Bonaudo et al., 2013) et repose sur des travaux et réflexions portés par des chercheurs. Selon ces auteurs, d’une part, l’agroécologie implique de concevoir les systèmes d’élevage en s’appuyant sur les régulations biologiques et les interactions entre les composantes du système pour valoriser les ressources fourragères locales et être autonomes en intrants. D’autre part, elle implique aussi de travailler avec les acteurs du territoire qui gèrent ces élevages et ces ressources locales (éleveurs, conseillers...). Dans ce contexte, la question est : comment traduire les principes de l’agroécologie en leviers d’action pour les éleveurs et leurs conseillers pour aider au développement de systèmes d’élevage durables et adaptés aux changements globaux ? Pour y répondre, une étude a été menée dans le cadre d’un partenariat entre des chercheurs zootechniciens, des éleveurs ovins lait du bassin de Roquefort et des conseillers agricoles. L’objectif était de caractériser les systèmes ovins lait engagés dans une quête d’autonomie et d’évaluer leurs performances au regard des principes agroécologiques
CONTRIBUTIONS DES PARTENARIATS POUR CONCEVOIR DES CONNAISSANCES AGRONOMIQUES SUR LA GESTION DE L'HERBE ET DEVELOPPER DES OUTILS ACTIONNABLES PAR DES CONSEILLERS FOURRAGERS
N° ISBN - 978-2-7380-1284-5International audienceCo-design of artifacts usable by extension services can be a long-lasting task. It partly depends on the developments of scientific knowledge. In addition, as we will show in this testimony, training and partnership with practitioners play a key role in the design of an artifact, here a tool to diagnose the opportunity of grassland management practices in a farm. Discussions between researchers and practitioners during training sessions led to the design of prototypes of articfact. Partnership between researchers and practitioners on the long term contributed to adjust the artifact, to simplify its procedure, and overall to improve its diagnosis capacity by capitalizing on researchers' and practitioners' knowledge. This experience has required adaptive capacity of researchers, leading them to adopt different research postures according to the stages in the interactions with practitioners. Researchers considered practitioners as knowledge providers by associating them to articfact co-design, or as experts to be equipped by involving them in participatory research projects
Mobiliser les principes de l'agroécologie pour redéfinir le cadre d'analyse et d'évaluation des systèmes ovins en zone Roquefort
Dans le Rayon Roquefort, l'intensification de la production laitière avec l'utilisation du progrès génétique de la race Lacaune a entrainé une augmentation des achats d'aliments et d'intrants dans les élevages. Les résultats économiques des élevages ovins lait se retrouvent directement dépendants des prix des céréales, des engrais et du fuel, prix en constante augmentation et de plus en plus fluctuants compte tenu d'évènements climatiques extrêmes de plus en plus fréquents
Potential of multi-species livestock farming to improve the sustainability of livestock farms: A review.
Diversified farming systems are proposed as a major mechanism to address the many sustainability issues of today's agriculture. Multi-species livestock farming, i.e. keeping two or more animal species simultaneously on the same farm, is an option that has received little attention to date. Moreover, most studies of multi-species livestock farming are limited, usually focusing on selected dimensions of farm sustainability and addressing lower organizational levels (i.e. within the farm) and rather limited time horizons (e.g. a few weeks in a grazing season). Thus, a comprehensive assessment of multi-species livestock farming in terms of farm sustainability is lacking. In this context, we outline and discuss potential benefits and limitations of multi-species livestock farming for livestock farm sustainability from existing literature and list issues on multi-species livestock farming requiring further research. We show that multi-species livestock farming has the potential to improve the three dimensions of sustainability reviewed - economic viability for farmers, environmental soundness and social acceptability by being respectful of animals and humans - as long as locally relevant farming practices are implemented, especially an appropriate stocking rate during grazing. If relevant practices are not observed, multi-species livestock farming may produce undesirable effects, such as competition for resource acquisition during grazing, parasitic cross-infection and more intense work peaks. Therefore, we identify four focal research areas for multi-species livestock farming. First, characterizing the management of multi-species livestock farms. To do this, we suggest considering the integration of production enterprises (e.g. cattle and sheep enterprises)
within the farm from three perspectives: farming practices (e.g. grazing management), work organization and sales. Second, exploring the complementarity of livestock species on multi-species livestock farms. This is especially true for species combinations that have been largely ignored (e.g. ruminants and monogastrics), even though they may have potential due to complementary diet compositions and resource-acquisition strategies. Third, assessing the sustainability of multi-species livestock farm scenarios (current or alternative) according to the management practices and production conditions, which requires adapting existing methods/models or developing new ones. Fourth, characterizing conditions for success and obstacles for multi-species livestock farming along the value chain from production to consumption, considering stakeholders' objectives, work habits and constraints. Increasing understanding should help prioritize actions and organize them to scale up multi-species livestock farming
Foisonnement de l'innovation agricole : quelques exemples d'initiatives en Ă©levage herbivore
Les témoignages rassemblés pour illustrer le foisonnement des innovations agricoles émanent d'acteurs différents (agriculteurs, recherche, développement) mais sont tous caractérisés par des approches plutôt systémiques et des dynamiques de co-conception. Les thèmes abordés concernent la production (valorisation des surfaces avec des cultures dérobées, sélection d'espèce prairiales locales), l'appropriation de résultats de recherche (amélioration de la gestion des prairies), la conception d'itinéraires techniques (solutions pour limiter les pertes d'azote en rotation prairie - prairie), l'évaluation de systèmes (repérer des pratiques innovantes en mobilisant des principes de l'agroécologie) mais aussi l'amélioration des conditions de travail et la formation (communication « intergénérationnelle » entre des paysans herbagers et des élèves)
Multi-species livestock farming
This CORE Organic Practice Abstract gives practical recommendations for multi-species livestock farming, which has the potential to improve the three dimensions of sustainability – economic viability for farmers, environmental soundness, and social acceptability – by being respectful of animals and humans, as long as locally relevant farming practices are implemented, especially an appropriate stocking rate during grazing
Avis d'un conseiller d'entreprise (Creuse): « Je ne suis pas là pour faire le travail de secrétaire »
National audienc
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