Chemical Imaging of Buried Interfaces in Organic-Inorganic Devices Using Focused Ion Beam-Time-of-Flight-Secondary-Ion Mass Spectrometry

Copyright © 2019 American Chemical Society. Organic-inorganic hybrid materials enable the design and fabrication of new materials with enhanced properties. The interface between the organic and inorganic materials is often critical to the device's performance; therefore, chemical characterization is of significant interest. Because the interfaces are often buried, milling by focused ion beams (FIBs) to expose the interface is becoming increasingly popular. Chemical imaging can subsequently be obtained using secondary-ion mass spectrometry (SIMS). However, the FIB milling process damages the organic material. In this study, we make an organic-inorganic test structure to develop a detailed understanding of the processes involved in FIB milling and SIMS imaging. We provide an analysis methodology that involves a "clean-up" process using sputtering with an argon gas cluster ion source to remove the FIB-induced damage. The methodology is evaluated for two additive manufactured devices, an encapsulated strain sensor containing silver tracks embedded in a polymeric material and a copper track on a flexible polymeric substrate created using a novel nanoparticle sintering technique

Argon cluster cleaning of Ga+FIB-milled sections of organic and hybrid materials

Secondary ion mass spectrometry studies have been made of the removal of the degraded layer formed on polymeric materials when cleaning focused ion beam (FIB)-sectioned samples comprising both organic and inorganic materials with a 30-keV Ga+FIB. The degraded layer requires a higher-than-expected Ar gas cluster ion beam (GCIB) dose for its removal, and it is shown that this arises from a significant reduction in the layer sputtering yield compared with that for the undamaged polymer. Stopping and Range of Ions in Matter calculations for many FIB angles of incidence on flat polymer surfaces show the depth of the damage and of the implantation of the Ga+ions, and these are compared with the measured depth profiles for Ga+-implanted flat polymer surfaces at several angles of incidence using an Ar+GCIB. The Stopping and Range of Ions in Matter depth and the measured dose give the sputtering yield volume for this damaged and Ga+-implanted layer. These, and literature yield values for Ga+damaged layers, are combined on a plot showing how the changing sputtering yield is related to the implanted Ga density for several polymer materials. This plot contains data from both the model flat poly(styrene) surfaces and FIB-milled sections showing that these 2 surfaces have the same yield reduction. The results show that the damaged and Ga+-implanted layer's sputtering rate, after FIB sectioning, is 50 to 100 times lower than for undamaged polymers and that it is this reduction in sputtering rate, rather than any development of microtopography, that causes the high Ar+GCIB dose required for cleaning these organic surfaces

Antiviral surfaces and coatings and their mechanisms of action

Viral infections are a serious health challenge, and the COVID-19 pandemic has increased the demand for antiviral measures and treatments for clean surfaces, especially in public places. Here, we review a range of natural and synthetic surface materials and coatings with antiviral properties, including metals, polymers and biopolymers, graphene and antimicrobial peptides, and their underpinning antiviral mechanisms. We also discuss the physico-chemical properties of surfaces which influence virus attachment and persistence on surfaces. Finally, an overview is given of the current practices and applications of antiviral and virucidal materials and coatings in consumer products, personal protective equipment, healthcare and public settings

Surface Analysis of Pristine and Cycled NMC/Graphite Lithium-Ion Battery Electrodes: Addressing the Measurement Challenges

Lithium-ion batteries are the most ubiquitous energy storage devices in our everyday lives. However, their energy storage capacity fades over time due to chemical and structural changes in their components, via different degradation mechanisms. Understanding and mitigating these degradation mechanisms is key to reducing capacity fade, thereby enabling improvement in the performance and lifetime of Li-ion batteries, supporting the energy transition to renewables and electrification. In this endeavor, surface analysis techniques are commonly employed to characterize the chemistry and structure at reactive interfaces, where most changes are observed as batteries age. However, battery electrodes are complex systems containing unstable compounds, with large heterogeneities in material properties. Moreover, different degradation mechanisms can affect multiple material properties and occur simultaneously, meaning that a range of complementary techniques must be utilized to obtain a complete picture of electrode degradation. The combination of these issues and the lack of standard measurement protocols and guidelines for data interpretation can lead to a lack of trust in data. Herein, we discuss measurement challenges that affect several key surface analysis techniques being used for Li-ion battery degradation studies: focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry. We provide recommendations for each technique to improve reproducibility and reduce uncertainty in the analysis of NMC/graphite Li-ion battery electrodes. We also highlight some key measurement issues that should be addressed in future investigations

Surface analysis of pristine and cycled NMC/graphite lithium-ion battery electrodes : addressing the measurement challenges

Lithium-ion batteries are the most ubiquitous energy storage devices in our everyday lives. However, their energy storage capacity fades over time due to chemical and structural changes in their components, via different degradation mechanisms. Understanding and mitigating these degradation mechanisms is key to reducing capacity fade, thereby enabling improvement in the performance and lifetime of Li-ion batteries, supporting the energy transition to renewables and electrification. In this endeavor, surface analysis techniques are commonly employed to characterize the chemistry and structure at reactive interfaces, where most changes are observed as batteries age. However, battery electrodes are complex systems containing unstable compounds, with large heterogeneities in material properties. Moreover, different degradation mechanisms can affect multiple material properties and occur simultaneously, meaning that a range of complementary techniques must be utilized to obtain a complete picture of electrode degradation. The combination of these issues and the lack of standard measurement protocols and guidelines for data interpretation can lead to a lack of trust in data. Herein, we discuss measurement challenges that affect several key surface analysis techniques being used for Li-ion battery degradation studies: focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry. We provide recommendations for each technique to improve reproducibility and reduce uncertainty in the analysis of NMC/graphite Li-ion battery electrodes. We also highlight some key measurement issues that should be addressed in future investigations

4-Nitrobenzene Grafted in Porous Silicon: Application to Optical Lithography

In this work, we report a method to process porous silicon to improve its chemical resistance to alkaline solution attacks based on the functionalization of the pore surface by the electrochemical reduction of 4-nitrobenzendiazonium salt. This method provides porous silicon with strong resistance to the etching solutions used in optical lithography and allows the fabrication of tailored metallic contacts on its surface. The samples were studied by chemical, electrochemical, and morphological methods. We demonstrate that the grafted samples show a resistance to harsh alkaline solution more than three orders of magnitude larger than that of pristine porous silicon, being mostly unmodified after about 40 min. The samples maintained open pores after the grafting, making them suitable for further treatments like filling by polymers. Optical lithography was performed on the functionalized samples, and electrochemical characterization results are shown.In this work, we report a method to process porous silicon to improve its chemical resistance to alkaline solution attacks based on the functionalization of the pore surface by the electrochemical reduction of 4-nitrobenzendiazonium salt. This method provides porous silicon with strong resistance to the etching solutions used in optical lithography and allows the fabrication of tailored metallic contacts on its surface. The samples were studied by chemical, electrochemical, and morphological methods. We demonstrate that the grafted samples show a resistance to harsh alkaline solution more than three orders of magnitude larger than that of pristine porous silicon, being mostly unmodified after about 40 min. The samples maintained open pores after the grafting, making them suitable for further treatments like filling by polymers. Optical lithography was performed on the functionalized samples, and electrochemical characterization results are shown