Diversidad familiar y pánico moral: la Unión Nacional de Padres de Familia y el Frente Nacional por la Familia

La familia constituye un núcleo social de amplia relevancia analítica puesto que en ella se construyen relaciones afectivas, se socializan valores, hábitos y prácticas, y se aprenden nociones respecto del orden social. Además, la familia influye en la selección de otros espacios formativos y de socialización de los sujetos. Este artículo tiene como objetivo problematizar la heterogeneidad de las nociones sobre la familia, vinculándolas analíticamente con la secularización, la laicidad, y el ejercicio de derechos. Para ello se exploran las trayectorias y posiciones dos grupos de la sociedad civil mexicana, en cuyo discurso se defiende que cualquier cambio a la composición tradicional de la familia constituye una amenaza para el orden social. En ambos casos, el concepto de ideología de género funge como articulador discursivo en sus demandas sobre políticas públicas

La iglesia de la Santa Cruz. Un ejemplo de fractalidad de las fronteras entre lo público y lo privado en el espacio urbano

Since Mexico declared its separation of Church and State in its Constitution of 1857, religious beliefs have been assumed to be confined to the private sphere. However, religious rituals and festivities are usually celebrated in spaces which can be considered public. In urban areas the borders between the public and the private tend to blur, not only because of the multiple criteria by which these categories can be defined, but also because people’s appropriation of space is continuously changing and profoundly complex. This article attempts to problematize the pertinence of classifying a space as public or private in a discussion of Susan Gal’s proposal (2002), according to which this distinction should be thought of on more than one level. In doing so, it refers to an ethnographic exercise carried out in a Catholic church in Mexico City, whose privacy in the framework of the lay state can be analyzed through at least three references: a) the street; b) the church; and c) the religious community.A raíz de la laicidad del Estado mexicano, esbozada desde la Constitución de 1857, se asume que las convicciones confesionales son un asunto que compete exclusivamente a la esfera privada. No obstante, la celebración de rituales y de festividades religiosas suele llevarse a cabo en espacios que pudieran considerarse públicos. En las zonas urbanas, la frontera entre lo público y lo privado tiende a ser borrosa no sólo por la multiplicidad de criterios para definir tales categorías, sino porque la apropiación de los espacios por parte de las personas es cambiante y profundamente compleja. En este artículo se problematiza la pertinencia de clasificar un espacio como público o privado retomando la propuesta de Susan Gal (2002), según la cual esa distinción ha de pensarse en varios niveles. Para ello se refiere un ejercicio de observación realizado en un templo católico de la Ciudad de México, cuya privacidad en el marco del Estado laico puede analizarse cuando menos respecto de tres referentes: a) la calle; b) la iglesia; y c) la comunidad de fe

La Iglesia católica en el espacio público: un proceso de continua adecuación

A lo largo de la historia de nuestro país, la Iglesia católica ha tenido una influencia innegable en la configuración del sistema político y de la cohesión social. La presencia de la estructura eclesiástica ha permanecido a pesar del triunfo del liberalismo en el siglo XIX y de otros procesos que amenazaron con reducir su campo de acción. En este artículo se propone que la adecuación de la Iglesia va acompañada por la permanencia de sus valores tradicionales, una cualidad que deriva de su composición dual y que asegura su reproducción como agente en el espacio sociopolítico a pesar de las múltiples transformaciones del entorno en el que se desenvuelve

El conflicto Cristero en México: el otro lado de la Revolución.

The 1910 Revolution constitutes a necessary referent to understand Mexican history. Among the most distinctive ideals of the post revolutionary State is laicism, constitutionally established by the liberal government since the mid-19th century and reinforced with the victory of the revolutionary groups. With this in mind, the decade of 1920s is important for two reasons: a) because during this period state power was consolidated, whose representatives eliminated every political adversary; and b) because this consolidation also meant a fierce war with the Catholic Church and its faithful. One must not forget that the ecclesiastic institution has been present in Mexico since the vice regal era, and its persistence made it much more legitimate than the newly founded post-revolutionary State. Contrary to prevailing wisdom, the insurgences in favor of the Church were neither isolated nor disjointed; they were part of an organized movement with clear objectives. This article seeks to give an account of the clash of interests that provoked the Guerra Cristera, one of the bloodiest and least explored armed conflicts in Mexico during the 20th century.La Revolución de 1910 constituye un punto de referencia necesario para comprender la historia mexicana. Entre los ideales más sobresalientes del Estado post revolucionario figura la laicidad, establecida constitucionalmentepor el gobierno liberal desde mediados del siglo XIX y reivindicada tras la victoria de los grupos revolucionarios. En ese orden de ideas la década de 1920 es significativa por dos razones: a) porque en ella se consolidó el poder estatal, cuyos representantes eliminaron a todo adversario político; y b) porque esaconsolidación implicó una encarnizada lucha con la Iglesia Católica y con sus fieles. No debe olvidarse que la institución eclesiástica tuvo presencia en lo que hoy es México desde el periodo virreinal, y su constancia le brindaba una legitimidad mucho mayor que la que gozaba el recién fundado Estado post revolucionario. Contrario a lo que suele pensarse los levantamientos a favor de la Iglesia no estuvieron aislados ni desarticulados; fueron parte de un movimiento organizado y con objetivos claros. Este artículo procura dar cuenta del choque de intereses que provocó el estallido de la Guerra Cristera, uno de los conflictos armados más cruentos y menos explorados de México en elsiglo XX

Global variation in postoperative mortality and complications after cancer surgery: a multicentre, prospective cohort study in 82 countries

© 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 licenseBackground: 80% of individuals with cancer will require a surgical procedure, yet little comparative data exist on early outcomes in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared postoperative outcomes in breast, colorectal, and gastric cancer surgery in hospitals worldwide, focusing on the effect of disease stage and complications on postoperative mortality. Methods: This was a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of consecutive adult patients undergoing surgery for primary breast, colorectal, or gastric cancer requiring a skin incision done under general or neuraxial anaesthesia. The primary outcome was death or major complication within 30 days of surgery. Multilevel logistic regression determined relationships within three-level nested models of patients within hospitals and countries. Hospital-level infrastructure effects were explored with three-way mediation analyses. This study was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03471494. Findings: Between April 1, 2018, and Jan 31, 2019, we enrolled 15 958 patients from 428 hospitals in 82 countries (high income 9106 patients, 31 countries; upper-middle income 2721 patients, 23 countries; or lower-middle income 4131 patients, 28 countries). Patients in LMICs presented with more advanced disease compared with patients in high-income countries. 30-day mortality was higher for gastric cancer in low-income or lower-middle-income countries (adjusted odds ratio 3·72, 95% CI 1·70–8·16) and for colorectal cancer in low-income or lower-middle-income countries (4·59, 2·39–8·80) and upper-middle-income countries (2·06, 1·11–3·83). No difference in 30-day mortality was seen in breast cancer. The proportion of patients who died after a major complication was greatest in low-income or lower-middle-income countries (6·15, 3·26–11·59) and upper-middle-income countries (3·89, 2·08–7·29). Postoperative death after complications was partly explained by patient factors (60%) and partly by hospital or country (40%). The absence of consistently available postoperative care facilities was associated with seven to 10 more deaths per 100 major complications in LMICs. Cancer stage alone explained little of the early variation in mortality or postoperative complications. Interpretation: Higher levels of mortality after cancer surgery in LMICs was not fully explained by later presentation of disease. The capacity to rescue patients from surgical complications is a tangible opportunity for meaningful intervention. Early death after cancer surgery might be reduced by policies focusing on strengthening perioperative care systems to detect and intervene in common complications. Funding: National Institute for Health Research Global Health Research Unit

Effects of hospital facilities on patient outcomes after cancer surgery: an international, prospective, observational study

© 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 licenseBackground: Early death after cancer surgery is higher in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) compared with in high-income countries, yet the impact of facility characteristics on early postoperative outcomes is unknown. The aim of this study was to examine the association between hospital infrastructure, resource availability, and processes on early outcomes after cancer surgery worldwide. Methods: A multimethods analysis was performed as part of the GlobalSurg 3 study—a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study of patients who had surgery for breast, colorectal, or gastric cancer. The primary outcomes were 30-day mortality and 30-day major complication rates. Potentially beneficial hospital facilities were identified by variable selection to select those associated with 30-day mortality. Adjusted outcomes were determined using generalised estimating equations to account for patient characteristics and country-income group, with population stratification by hospital. Findings: Between April 1, 2018, and April 23, 2019, facility-level data were collected for 9685 patients across 238 hospitals in 66 countries (91 hospitals in 20 high-income countries; 57 hospitals in 19 upper-middle-income countries; and 90 hospitals in 27 low-income to lower-middle-income countries). The availability of five hospital facilities was inversely associated with mortality: ultrasound, CT scanner, critical care unit, opioid analgesia, and oncologist. After adjustment for case-mix and country income group, hospitals with three or fewer of these facilities (62 hospitals, 1294 patients) had higher mortality compared with those with four or five (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 3·85 [95% CI 2·58–5·75]; p<0·0001), with excess mortality predominantly explained by a limited capacity to rescue following the development of major complications (63·0% vs 82·7%; OR 0·35 [0·23–0·53]; p<0·0001). Across LMICs, improvements in hospital facilities would prevent one to three deaths for every 100 patients undergoing surgery for cancer. Interpretation: Hospitals with higher levels of infrastructure and resources have better outcomes after cancer surgery, independent of country income. Without urgent strengthening of hospital infrastructure and resources, the reductions in cancer-associated mortality associated with improved access will not be realised. Funding: National Institute for Health and Care Research