Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Infectious Disease Hospitalizations in Arizona

Infectious disease (ID) hospitalizations in Arizona, a diverse population with nearly complete race/ethnicity data, were analyzed using the State Inpatient Database for 2005-2008. ID hospitalizations rates were calculated and compared by ID group, race/ethnicity, age, and sex. During 2005-2008, there were 383,597 ID hospitalizations reported in Arizona, resulting in an age-adjusted rate of 1498.1 per 100,000 persons. A range of racial/ethnic disparities in ID hospitalization rates were noted. Persons of Native American and black race/ethnicity had overall ID hospitalization rates higher than the rate for persons of white race/ethnicity; persons of Asian or Pacific Islander race/ethnicity had a lower rate. The lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) hospitalization rate was the highest rate of all ID groups, followed by cellulitis and septicemia. Persons of black and Native American race had higher LRTI hospitalization rates than persons of white race. Racial/ethnic disparities persist for ID hospitalizations in Arizona. Persons of Native American and black race/ethnicity experience high age-adjusted rates of ID hospitalization. Prevention efforts should focus on high risk race/ethnicity groups and disease groups

Augmenting Exposure Therapy for Social Anxiety with tDCS

Purpose/Background: Exposure therapy is one of the most potent techniques available to treat social anxiety. However, studies suggest that exposure therapy only produces full remission in 20-50% of patients. Furthermore, laboratory conditioning and extinction studies suggest that fear responses toward individuals who differ from one\u27s own ethnicity/race may be more resistant to extinction. Because activation of the medial prefrontal cortex has been associated with facilitating fear reduction during exposure therapy, we expect that targeting activation of this region with a stimulation technique called transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) may improve outcomes from exposure therapy for social anxiety. The present study will therefore test the hypotheses that (1) fear responding at baseline will be greater toward an audience that does not match (vs matches) the participant\u27s own ethnicity, (2) pairing exposure therapy with active (vs sham) tDCS will facilitate alleviation of social anxiety symptoms, and (3) pairing exposure therapy with active (vs sham) tDCS facilitates extinction of fear response toward individuals who differ from the participant\u27s own ethnicity. Materials & Methods: We are recruiting Latino and non-Latino/Caucasian undergraduates with a fear of public speaking, the most commonly feared situation among individuals with social anxiety. Participants (N = 128) will receive either active/anodal (n = 64) or sham (n = 64) tDCS stimulation targeting the mPFC during an exposure therapy session delivered through virtual reality (VR). During exposure therapy, participants will complete six, 3-minute public speaking trials, alternating in a randomized order between audiences that are 75% matched to the participant\u27s ethnicity and 75% unmatched to the participant\u27s ethnicity. At one-month follow up, participants will complete two behavioral avoidance tests (BATs) parallel to therapy procedures, with one ethnic-matched trial and one ethnic-unmatched trial. Fear response during each BAT will be assessed behaviorally (duration of speech), physiologically (heart rate variability and electrodermal response), and subjectively (peak fear rating, on a 0 to 100 scale). At baseline and one-month follow-up, participants will also complete a battery of social anxiety questionnaires. Results: We will present methods and preliminary findings from the study. Results will include a preliminary examination of whether fear responding is greater toward individuals who differ from (vs match) the participant\u27s own ethnicity, whether pairing exposure therapy with active (vs sham) tDCS facilitates alleviation of social anxiety symptoms overall, and whether pairing exposure therapy with active (vs sham) tDCS facilitates alleviation of social anxiety responding toward individuals who differ from (vs match) the participant\u27s own ethnicity. Discussion/Conclusion: Findings point to key strategies to improve outcomes from exposure therapy for social anxiety, and could also have implications for improving response to exposure-based therapies for other anxiety disorders. Furthermore, if tDCS facilitates reductions in fear response toward ethnic/racial out-groups, minority/Latino individuals may experience better generalization of treatment effects for daily-life scenarios (in which they are surrounded by outgroup members), and ethnic/racial majority individuals will be better able to contribute to an inclusive social environment

Adjoints of composition operators with rational symbol

Building on techniques developed by Cowen and Gallardo-Guti\'{e}rrez, we find a concrete formula for the adjoint of a composition operator with rational symbol acting on the Hardy space $H^{2}$. We consider some specific examples, comparing our formula with several results that were previously known.Comment: 14 page

Improving coherence of ecosystem service provision between scales

© 2014 Elsevier B.V. High-level consensus about safeguarding ecosystem services for optimal benefits to society is not yet matched by transposition to field scale. Various 'societal levers' - markets, statutory legislation, common/civil law, market-based instruments and protocols - have evolved as a fragmented policy environment of incentives and constraints, influencing the freedoms of resource owners. This has produced mosaic landscapes reflecting both natural conditions and landowner aspirations. The Principles of the Ecosystem Approach serve as a framework to consider three case study sites: an English lowland estuary and two in Scotland. Societal levers today safeguard some socially valuable services, but the present policy environment is neither sufficient nor sufficiently integrated to achieve coherence between the choices of resource owners and wider societal aspirations for ecosystem service provision. The heterogeneity of societal levers protects freedom of choice, enables adaptive decision-making related to the properties of the natural resource, and makes allowance for changes in societal preferences. Resultant mosaic landscapes provide flexibility and resilience in ecosystem service production. However, further evolution of societal levers is required to bring about greater coherence of ecosystem service production from local to national/international scales. This paper explores how issues of scale, regulation and variability manifest in the ecosystem service framework

Prospectus, May 2, 1979

TIPS FOR TRAVELING ABROAD; Townsend running for president: Ends one-year probation; Tangora running for stugo president; McDonald seeks senator re-election, runs for Campus Organization seat; Townsend running for president, concerned about use of activity fee; Brown to run for v.p.; Woodside for experience in student government; Rowlen will not become puppet; Parkland College News: Program on arthritis coming, PC dental classes to be capped May 6, Workshop here today, Hot dog sale, raffle, Vaughn \u27gives a darn\u27; PC speech team finishes season; The Looking Glass: Sexes at war?; Women discuss ERA in Illinois; Blood bank on campus; Rock \u27n roll\u27s yes gets positive review; Mangione is appearing in C-U; Puts out one heck of a show, though: Ecept on stage to old fans, Joel is a stranger no more; Mexicana offers discounts to students who visit Mexico; Traveling abroad: Tips for the summer traveler; Hassle-Free Trips; How\u27s Your Travel IQ?; \u27Tales and Things,\u27 jazz, and symphonies highlight Krannert events this week; Convocations Schedule For May; Challenge from Prospectus; Let in fresh air and sunshine; Student art work displayed in show; Woods dedication on Sun., May 6; Classifieds; HaHaHaHaHaHaHaHaHaHaHaHaHa; Baseball team disappointed after 11-3 loss; PC track out for revenge as they travel to Napervillehttps://spark.parkland.edu/prospectus_1979/1017/thumbnail.jp

All Hands on Deck: Transdisciplinary Approaches to Emerging Infectious Disease

The increasing burden of emerging infectious diseases worldwide confronts us with numerous challenges, including the imperative to design research and responses that are commensurate to understanding the complex social and ecological contexts in which infectious diseases occur. A diverse group of scientists met in Hawaii in March 2005 to discuss the linked social and ecological contexts in which infectious diseases emerge. A subset of the meeting was a group that focused on ‘‘transdisciplinary approaches’’ to integrating knowledge across and beyond academic disciplines in order to improve prevention and control of emerging infections. This article is based on the discussions of that group. Here, we outline the epidemiological legacy that has dominated infectious disease research and control up until now, and introduce the role of new, transdisciplinary and systems-based approaches to emerging infectious diseases.Wedescribe four cases of transboundary health issues and use them to discuss the potential benefits, as well as the inherent difficulties, in understanding the social–ecological contexts in which infectious diseases occur and of using transdisciplinary approaches to deal with them

Risk of Fetal Death Associated With Maternal Drug Dependence and Placental Abruption: A Population-Based Study

Abstract Objective: Substance use in pregnancy is associated with placental abruption, but the risk of fetal death independent of abruption remains undetermined. Our objective was to examine the effect of maternal drug dependence on placental abruption and on fetal death in association with abruption and independent of it. Methods: To examine placental abruption and fetal death, we performed a retrospective population-based study of 1 854 463 consecutive deliveries of liveborn and stillborn infants occurring between January 1, 1995 and March 31, 2001, using the Canadian Institute for Health Information Discharge Abstract Database. Results: Maternal drug dependence was associated with a tripling of the risk of placental abruption in singleton pregnancies (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 3.1; 95% confidence intervals [CI] 2.6-3.7), but not in multiple gestations (adjusted OR 0.88; 95% CI 0.12-6.4). Maternal drug dependence was associated with an increased risk of fetal death independent of abruption (adjusted OR 1.6: 95% CI 1.1-2.2) in singleton pregnancies, but not in multiples. Risk of fetal death was increased with placental abruption in both singleton and multiple gestations, even after controlling for drug dependence (adjusted OR 11.4 in singleton pregnancy; 95% CI 10.6-12.2, and 3.4 in multiple pregnancy; 95% CI 2.4-4.9). Conclusion: Maternal drug use is associated with an increased risk of intrauterine fetal death independent of placental abruption. In singleton pregnancies, maternal drug dependence is associated with an increased risk of placental abruption. Résumé Objectif : Bien que la consommation d'alcool et de drogues au cours de la grossesse soit associée au décollement placentaire, le risque de mort foetale n'étant pas associé à ce dernier demeure indéterminé. Notre objectif était d'examiner l'effet de la dépendance de la mère aux drogues sur le décollement placentaire, ainsi que sur la mort foetale attribuable à ce dernier et sur la mort foetale n'y étant pas attribuable. Résultats : La dépendance de la mère aux drogues a été associée à un risque triplé de décollement placentaire dans le cas des grossesses monofoetales (rapport de cotes [RC] corrigé, 3,1; intervalle de confiance [IC] à 95 %, 2,6-3,7), mais non pas dans celui des grossesses multiples (RC corrigé, 0,88; IC à 95 %, 0,12-6,4). La dépendance de la mère aux drogues a été associée à une hausse du risque de mort foetale n'étant pas attribuable au décollement (RC corrigé, 1,6; IC à 95 %, 1,1-2,2) dans le cas des grossesses monofoetales, mais non pas dans celui des grossesses multiples. Le risque de mort foetale connaissait une hausse en présence d'un décollement placentaire, tant dans le cas des grossesses monofoetales que dans celui des grossesses multiples, et ce, même à la suite de la neutralisation de l'effet de la dépendance aux drogues (dans le cas des grossesses monofoetales : RC corrigé, 11,4; IC à 95 %, 10,6-12,2; dans celui des grossesses multiples : RC corrigé, 3,4; IC à 95 %, 2,4-4,9). Méthodes Conclusion : La consommation de drogues par la mère est associée à une hausse du risque de mort foetale intra-utérine, peu importe la présence ou non d'un décollement placentaire. Dans le cas des grossesses monofoetales, la dépendance de la mère aux drogues est associée à une hausse du risque de décollement placentaire