4 research outputs found
MS-275 (Entinostat) Promotes Radio-sensitivity in PAX3-FOXO1 Rhabdomyosarcoma cells
Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is the most common soft tissue sarcoma of childhood. About 25% of RMS expresses fusion oncoproteins such as PAX3/PAX7âFOXO1 (fusionâpositive, FP) while fusionânegative (FN)âRMS harbors RAS mutations. Radiotherapy (RT) plays a crucial role in local
control but metastatic RMS is often radioâresistant. HDAC inhibitors (HDACi) radioâsensitize different cancer cells types. Thus, we evaluated MSâ275 (Entinostat), a Class I and IV HDACi, in combination with RT on RMS cells in vitro and in vivo. MSâ275 reversibly hampered cell survival
in vitro in FNâRMS RD (RASmut) and irreversibly in FPâRMS RH30 cell lines downâregulating cyclin A, B, and D1, upâregulating p21 and p27 and reducing ERKs activity, and câMyc expression in RD and PI3K/Akt/mTOR activity and NâMyc expression in RH30 cells. Further, MSâ275 and RT
combination reduced colony formation ability of RH30 cells. In both cell lines, coâtreatment increased DNA damage repair inhibition and reactive oxygen species formation, downâregulated NRF2, SOD, CAT and GPx4 antiâoxidant genes and improved RT ability to induce G2 growth arrest.
MSâ275 inhibited in vivo growth of RH30 cells and completely prevented the growth of RTâunresponsive RH30 xenografts when combined with radiation. Thus, MSâ275 could be considered as a radioâsensitizing agent for the treatment of intrinsically radioâresistant PAX3âFOXO1 RMS
Signaling Crosstalks Drive Generation and Regeneration of the Thymus
https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fimmu.2022.92030
Eltrombopag in paediatric immune thrombocytopenia: Iron metabolism modulation in mesenchymal stromal cells
Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is an autoimmune disease caused by platelet destruction mediated by auto-antibody production. It is characterized by a compromised immune system and alteration of the inflammatory response. Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) play an important role in modulating immune and inflammatory processes, exerting immune-suppressing and anti-inflammatory properties. In ITP-MSCs the activity and survival are strongly impaired. Eltrombopag (ELT) is a thrombopoietin receptor agonist approved in chronic ITP for stimulating platelet production. It has immunomodulating properties by stimulating T and B regulatory cell activity and by promoting a macrophage switch from the pro-inflammatory to the anti-inflammatory phenotype. ELT also exhibits iron-chelating properties. Iron is a crucial element involved in several physiologic processes, but its intracellular accumulation determines cell damages. Therefore, for the first time we analysed the effect of ELT on ITP-MSCs demonstrating its ability to restore survival and activity of MSCs directly and to promote their survival and proliferation indirectly, by iron metabolism modulation
SARS-CoV-2 infection of thymus induces loss of function that correlates with disease severity
Background: Lymphopenia, particularly when restricted to the T-cell compartment, has been described as one of the major clinical hallmarks in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and proposed as an indicator of disease severity. Although several mechanisms fostering COVID-19-related lymphopenia have been described, including cell apoptosis and tissue homing, the underlying causes of the decline in T-cell count and function are still not completely understood. Objective: Given that viral infections can directly target thymic microenvironment and impair the process of T-cell generation, we sought to investigate the impact of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) on thymic function. Methods: We performed molecular quantification of T-cell receptor excision circles and Îș-deleting recombination excision circles to assess, respectively, T- and B-cell neogenesis in SARS-CoV-2-infected patients. We developed a system for in vitro culture of primary human thymic epithelial cells (TECs) to mechanistically investigate the impact of SARS-CoV-2 on TEC function. Results: We showed that patients with COVID-19 had reduced thymic function that was inversely associated with the severity of the disease. We found that angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, through which SARS-CoV-2 enters the host cells, was expressed by thymic epithelium, and in particular by medullary TECs. We also demonstrated that SARS-CoV-2 can target TECs and downregulate critical genes and pathways associated with epithelial cell adhesion and survival. Conclusions: Our data demonstrate that the human thymus is a target of SARS-CoV-2 and thymic function is altered following infection. These findings expand our current knowledge of the effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection on T-cell homeostasis and suggest that monitoring thymic activity may be a useful marker to predict disease severity and progression