GC×GC/qMS analyses of <i>Campomanesia guazumifolia</i> (Cambess.) O. Berg essential oils and their antioxidant and antimicrobial activity

<p>The present study investigated the essential oil obtained from <i>Campomanesia guazumifolia</i> (Cambess.) O. Berg, an aromatic plant used in Brazilian folk medicine. The chemical composition was performed by GC×GC/qMS. The antioxidant and antimicrobial activities were evaluated by DPPH and BCB and, MIC assays, respectively. Sixty-eight compounds were identified in the oil, where the major compounds were bicyclogermacrene (15%), globulol (5%) and spathulenol (5%). Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (29 compounds) and oxygenated sesquiterpenes (20 compounds) were the most representative classes of terpenes. DPPH (IC₅₀ value 26.1 ± 0.5 μg/mL) and BCB (68.3 ± 1.5%) values indicated a significant antioxidant activity. The essential oil strongly inhibited <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (MIC 15 ± 0.1 μg/mL), <i>Escherichia coli</i> (MIC 25 ± 0.2 μg/mL) and <i>Candida albicans</i> (MIC 5 ± 0.1 μg/mL). The results give a deeper understanding of the chemical composition and report for the first time the antioxidant and antimicrobial potential of the <i>C. guazumifolia</i> essential oil.</p

Characterization of the α-carotene and β-carotene values by chromatographic analysis in <i>Attalea phalerata</i> Mart. ex Spreng. oil (APMO).

<p>Characterization of the α-carotene and β-carotene values by chromatographic analysis in <i>Attalea phalerata</i> Mart. ex Spreng. oil (APMO).</p

Effect of the APMO in exposed rats as measured by the comet assay.

<p>The groups were treated with 125, 250, 500 and 1000 mg.kg^-1 of the <i>Attalea phalerata</i> Mart. ex Spreng. oil (APMO) daily for 28 consecutive days (four weeks) and the negative control group received the vehicle (saline + Tween 80^®). The positive control group received intraperitoneal injection of cyclophosphamide at 20 mg.kg^-1.</p

Effects of the APMO on cell metabolic activity by MTT assay.

<p>T84 cells were treated with 1, 2.5, 5, 10 and 1 mg.mL^-1 of oil or vehicle (medium) for 1h, 24h and 48h. Results are presented as mean + SEM. n = 8; One-way ANOVA followed by Tukey´s test; *p<0.05 compared to vehicle (medium) and experimental group (1, 2.5, 5, 10 and 1 mg.mL^-1 of oil).</p

Effects of the APMO on <i>Artemia salina</i> assay.

<p><i>Artemia salina</i> nauplii were treated with 10, 50, 100, 250 and 500 μg.mL^-1 of oil or vehicle (medium) for 24 h. Results are presented as mean + SEM. n = 4; One-way ANOVA followed by Tukey´s test; *p<0.05 compared to vehicle (medium) and experimental group (10, 50, 100, 250 and 500 μg.mL^-1 of oil).</p

Effect of the <i>A</i>. <i>phalerata</i> oil on the leukocyte migration induced by carrageenan in the pleurisy model in rats.

<p>Values expressed in mean ± standard error of the mean. n = 5. * P <0.05 (ANOVA / Tukey) compared with the negative control (-).</p

<i>In vitro</i> antioxidant potential and <i>in vivo</i> effects of <i>Schinus terebinthifolia</i> Raddi leaf extract in diabetic rats and determination of chemical composition by HPLC-ESI-MS/MS

<p>The present study investigated the <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i> antioxidant potential and phytochemical composition of <i>Schinus terebinthifolia</i>, which is widely used in folk medicine for various therapeutic purposes. The <i>in vitro</i> analyses indicated that the hydroethanolic extract (HE) had 312.50 ± 0.50 mg GAE/g of total phenols. It also presented anti-DPPH• and anti-ABTS•⁺ activity, reduced phosphomolybden and metal ions and blocked the bleaching of β-carotene. The HE at concentrations of 3.0 and 2.0 μg/mL had TRAP values of 2.223 ± 0.018 and 1.894 ± 0.026 μM Trolox, respectively. The HE increased the availability of antioxidants in plasma in treated animals <i>in vivo</i>. HPLC-ESI-MS/MS indicated the presence of 11 phenols: cumaric acid, (+)-catechin, myricetin-3-<i>O</i>-glicuronide, kaempferol-3-<i>O</i>-glucoside, myricetin, myricitrin, quercetin, gallic acid, methyl galate, pentagalloyl glucose and ethyl galate. Thus, <i>S. terebinthifolia</i> has potential for the prevention or treatment of diseases that are related to oxidative stress, such as diabetes mellitus.</p

Anti-inflammatory, antiproliferative and cytoprotective potential of the <i>Attalea phalerata</i> Mart. ex Spreng. pulp oil - Fig 5

<p>Effect of the <i>A</i>. <i>phalerata</i> oil on the paw edema after 0.5h (A), 1h (B), 2h (C) and 4h (D) of the intraplantar carrageenan injection. Values expressed in mean ± standard error of the mean. n = 5. * P <0.05 (ANOVA / Tukey) compared with the negative control (-).</p

Effect of the <i>A</i>. <i>phalerata</i> oil in spreading of macrophages.

<p>Values expressed in mean ± standard error of the mean. n = 3. * P <0.05 (ANOVA / Tukey) compared with the negative control (-). LPS–Lipopolysaccharide.</p

Analysis of carotenoids and amino acids in <i>A</i>. <i>phalerata</i> oil employing HPLC.

<p>Analysis of carotenoids and amino acids in <i>A</i>. <i>phalerata</i> oil employing HPLC.</p