Evaluation of admission chest X-ray findings in patients with respiratory infection during the COVID-19 pandemic

AIMS: To evaluate the prevalence of X-ray findings in hospitalized patients requiring hospitalization with suspected Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection and potential differences in the laboratory values and clinical outcomes related to the presence of abnormal chest X-ray (CXR) findings. METHODS: RESULTS: CONCLUSION: CXR is a routine examination in all patients with symptoms of lower respiratory tract disease and its findings relate to in-hospital mortality and Pa

Knowledge and attitudes of medical students about clinical aspects of congenital cytomegalovirus infection in newborns: A nationwide cross-sectional study in Greece

IntroductionCytomegalovirus (CMV) is the most frequent cause of congenital infection worldwide causing severe morbidity in newborns, infants, and children. Despite the clinical importance of congenital CMV (cCMV) infection, studies conducted so far indicate that there is limited awareness in the medical community in the field. The aim of this study was to assess Greek medical students’ knowledge on cCMV infection.MethodsWe performed a questionnaire-based nationwide cross-sectional study. A convenience sample of medical students from seven medical schools was enrolled.ResultsOf the 562 respondents, 54,8% considered themselves undereducated on cCMV infection. However, almost half of the participants could correctly recognize some basic principles of cCMV infection including ways of transmission, diagnosis and treatment, while there were aspects of cCMV infection with knowledge deficit. The year of study had a positive impact on the level of knowledge with students of higher years of study being of more sufficient education on the specific topic.ConclusionOverall, our study indicates a discrepancy between self-reported awareness and the level of knowledge among medical students in Greece. Further educational opportunities about cCMV should be offered, particularly in areas of the curriculum involving the care of women and children. Establishing medical students’ solid background on the disease burden and educating them about preventative strategies for at-risk populations, should be the main pillars of such efforts in order to promote confidence in managing these cases in their future professional careers

Elimination of quiescent/slow-proliferating cancer stem cells by Bcl-XL inhibition in non-small cell lung cancer

Lung cancer is the most common cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide, urging the discovery of novel molecular targets and therapeutic strategies. Stem cells have been recently isolated from non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), thus allowing the investigation of molecular pathways specifically active in the tumorigenic population. We have found that Bcl-XL is constantly expressed by lung cancer stem cells (LCSCs) and has a prominent role in regulating LCSC survival. Whereas chemotherapeutic agents were scarcely effective against LCSC, the small molecule Bcl-2/Bcl-XL inhibitor ABT-737, but not the selective Bcl-2 inhibitor ABT-199, induced LCSC death at nanomolar concentrations. Differently from gemcitabine, which preferentially eliminated proliferating LCSC, ABT-737 had an increased cytotoxic activity in vitro towards quiescent/slow-proliferating LCSC, which expressed high levels of Bcl-XL. In vivo, ABT-737 as a single agent was able to inhibit the growth of LCSC-derived xenografts and to reduce cancer stem cell content in treated tumors. Altogether, these results indicate that quiescent/slow-proliferating LCSC strongly depend on Bcl-XL for their survival and indicate Bcl-XL inhibition as a potential therapeutic avenue in NSCLC

Cancer stem cell metabolism

Cancer is now viewed as a stem cell disease. There is still no consensus on the metabolic characteristics of cancer stem cells, with several studies indicating that they are mainly glycolytic and others pointing instead to mitochondrial metabolism as their principal source of energy. Cancer stem cells also seem to adapt their metabolism to microenvironmental changes by conveniently shifting energy production from one pathway to another, or by acquiring intermediate metabolic phenotypes. Determining the role of cancer stem cell metabolism in carcinogenesis has become a major focus in cancer research, and substantial efforts are conducted towards discovering clinical targets

Alterations in T - lymphocyte subpopulations in patients with complicated liver cirrhosis

AIM: To identify the demographic characteristics of cirrhotic patients, the most frequent infections and the difference in lymphocyte subsets between cirrhotic patients with gastrointestinal bleeding, infection and other cirrhotic patients. We also tried to determine the pattern of cytokine expression in the ascitic fluid (AF) of cirrhotic patients either with or without spontaneous bacterial peritonitis and investigate the effects of SBP on some cytokines in ascitic fluidPATIENTS AND METHODS: We included 110 patients, who were admitted to hospital from May 2006 to December 2007. Patients were divided into three groups: group 1: including those who were admitted through any cause, group 2: patients with any type of infection and group 3: patients with gastrointestinal bleeding. We collected: demographic characteristics, etiology of cirrhosis, the cause of admission to hospital, the type and frequency of infection, and the mortality. We also measured absolute T lymphocyte subpopulations (CD3, CD56, CD4, CD8, CD5, CD20, CD14, CD64) using flow cytometry. Also, we studied 13 cirrhotic patients, who were admitted to the department of Internal Medicine of University Hospital of Patras within the same period for a variety of reasons. From the amount of patients, seven patients developed SBP (group 1) and six patients presented no evidence of infection, including SBP (group 2). Ascitic levels of IL-1b, TNF-a, IL-6, IL-10,a IL-1ra, STNFRI, STNFRII were assayed with ELISA kits. RESULTS: 21.8% developed any infection, 19.1 % had gastrointestinal bleeding and 59.1 % were admitted through any cause. The most frequent infections were: pulmonary tract infections (30.6%), spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (22.2%), gastrointestinal infections (13.9%) and urinary tract infections (8.3%). In 11.1% cases, the cause of infection was not identified. The mortality rate was 9%. We observed a significant decrease in absolute counts of total T lymphocyte subsets (CD3) between group 1 and 3 on Day 3. We also found significant decrease (P< 0.05) in T-helper lymphocytes (CD4) on Day 3 and exit day in these groups. For ascitic fluid measurements of the 13 patients, multivariate analysis showed significant differences (P< 0,05) between the two groups to the levels of STNFRII and IL-1RA. Ascitic levels of IL-10, IL-6, IL-1ra, TNF-a, STNFRII and STNFRI were higher (not statistical significant ) in the ascitic fluid of patients with SBP. However, TGF-b1 levels were lower in group 1 patients. It is remarkable that IL-1b was not expressed in patients either with or without spontaneous bacterial peritonitis.DISCUSSION: Sepsis is a common reason of admission to hospital. 30-50% of cirrhotic patients develop a type of infection upon admission to the hospital. In our study, 21.8% of patients were admitted to hospital with a type of infection. T-helper (CD4) and total (CD3) lymphocyte subsets were statistical significant lower (P<0,05) in patients with variceal bleeding. Probably, patients with gastrointestinal bleeding have defensive immune system. On the other hand, those with sepsis have satisfactory cellular immunity. Apart from that, we demonstrated an increased cytokine production in ascitic fluid of cirrhotic patients, while the levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines sTNFRII and IL-1ra are significantly increased in SBP. It seems, therefore, that an ascitic fluid anti-inflammatory response is characteristic in SBP, and this might compromise the final outcomeΣΚΟΠΟΣ: Ο σκοπός αυτής της μελέτης ήταν να διερευνηθεί η συχνότητα της εμφάνισης λοίμωξης σε ηπατοπαθείς, η καταγραφή των πιο συχνών λοιμώξεων σε αυτή την ομάδα ασθενών καθώς και η διερεύνηση της επίπτωσης της κίρρωσης στην κυτταρική τους ανοσία Επίσης, στόχος μας ήταν η διερεύνηση της παρουσίας των κυτοκινών στο ασκιτικό υγρό κιρρωτικών ασθενών με ή χωρίς αυτόματη βακτηριακή περιτονίτιδα (ΑΒΠ) και της επίδρασης της ΑΒΠ στην έκφραση των προφλεγμονωδών, αντιφλεγμονωδών κυτοκινών και των υποδοχέων τους στο ασκιτικό υγρόΑΣΘΕΝΕΙΣ-ΜΕΘΟΔΟΙ: Η μελέτη περιέλαβε ασθενείς με κίρρωση του ήπατος, οποιασδήποτε αιτιολογίας, που εισήχθησαν στο νοσοκομείο από το Μάιο 2006 μέχρι τον Δεκέμβριο 2007. Από τους συνολικά 110 ασθενείς με κίρρωση, οι 67 (ομάδα 1, 59.1%) εισήχθησαν για διάφορους λόγους εκτός από λοίμωξη, οι 24 (ομάδα 2, 21.8%) παρουσίασαν σύνδρομο σήψης και οι 19 (ομάδα 3, 19.1%) παρουσίασαν κιρσορραγία. Σε όλους τους ασθενείς έγινε καταγραφή των δημογραφικών τους στοιχείων, του τύπου λοίμωξης και μετρήθηκαν οι Τ- λεμφοκυτταρικοί υποπληθυσμοί, δηλ. CD3, CD4, CD5, CD8, CD14, CD20, CD56, CD64 καθώς και ο λόγος CD4/CD8 με κυτταρομετρία ροής. Οι μετρήσεις στους ασθενείς των ομάδων 2 και 3 έγιναν κατά την ημέρα της εισαγωγής, την τρίτη ημέρα νοσηλείας και την ημέρα εξόδου. Στους ασθενείς της ομάδας 1, οι μετρήσεις έγιναν μόνο την ημέρα της εισαγωγής. Μελετήθηκαν επίσης και 30 υγιή άτομα της ίδιας εθνικότητας και με παρόμοια δημογραφικά χαρακτηριστικά με τους υπόλοιπους ασθενείς. Αυτοί δεν νοσηλέυθηκαν, δεν είχαν κανένα πρόβλημα υγείας ούτε είχαν μεταγγισθεί. Μελετήθηκαν επίσης χωριστά 13 κιρρωτικοί ασθενείς, από τους συνολικά 110, οι οποίοι είχαν ασκίτη και εισήχθησαν στο Νοσοκομείο κατά την ίδια περίοδο. Αυτοί διακρίθηκαν σε δυο ομάδες: ομάδα 1 : ασθενείς με ΑΒΠ , ομάδα 2: ασθενείς χωρίς ΑΒΠ. Μετρήθηκαν οι κυττοκίνες : IL-1b, IL-1RA, IL-6, IL-10, TGF-1b, TNF-a, STNFRI, STNFRII. Οι μετρήσεις έγιναν με μέθοδο ELISA.ΑΠΟΤΕΛΕΣΜΑΤΑ : Οι απόλυτες τιμές των ολικών Τ λεμφοκυττάρων (CD3), των βοηθητικών (CD4) λεμφοκυττάρων, των κατασταλτικών (CD8) λεμφοκυττάρων και των CD5 λεμφοκυττάρων είναι μικρότερες στις ομάδες των κιρρωτικών με λοίμωξη και κιρσορραγία. Ειδικότερα, στην ομάδα των κιρσορραγούντων κιρρωτικών οι διαφορές στα βοηθητικά λεμφοκύτταρα (CD4) και τα ολικά λεμφοκύτταρα (CD3) κατά την έξοδο από το νοσοκομείο ήταν στατιστικά σημαντικές (Ρ< 0,05), ενώ όχι στους σηπτικούς. Οι απόλυτες τιμές όλων των Τ λεμφοκυτταρικών υποπληθυσμών ήταν υψηλότερες κατά την εισαγωγή και μειώθηκαν κατά τη διάρκεια νοσηλείας. Οι διαφορές στο ποσοστό συνέκφρασης στους δείκτες CD14/CD64 των ουδετεροφίλων ήταν σημαντικά μειωμένο στους σηπτικούς.Οι τιμές των κυτοκινών IL-10, IL-6, TNF-a, IL-1RA, STNFRI, STNFRII ήταν υψηλότερες στους ασθενείς με ΑΒΠ. Στατιστικά σημαντικές διαφορές (Ρ<0,05) ανάμεσα στις δυο ομάδες παρατηρήθηκαν μόνο στις τιμές των STNFRII, IL-1RA (υψηλότερες στους ασθενείς με ΑΒΠ). Η IL-1β δεν ανιχνεύθηκε στο ασκιτικό υγρό καμίας ομάδας ασθενών .Οι τιμές του TGF-1b ήταν χαμηλότερες στους ασθενείς με ΑΒΠ. ΣΥΜΠΕΡΑΣΜΑΤΑ: Το σύνδρομο σήψης αποτελεί συχνό αίτιο εισαγωγής στο νοσοκομείο ασθενών με κίρρωση. Από τη βιβλιογραφία προκύπτει οτι 30-50% των κιρρωτικών έχουν βακτηριακη λοίμωξη κατά την εισαγωγή τους στο νοσοκομείο. Στη μελέτη αυτή φάνηκε ότι το 21.8% των κιρρωτικών εισάγονται στο νοσοκομείο λόγω λοίμωξης. Οι Τ λεμφοκυτταρικοί υποπληθυσμοί σε ασθενείς με σύνδρομο σήψης δεν διαφέρουν σημαντικά από τους αντίστοιχους ασθενών χωρίς σήψη. Αντίθετα, οι υποπληθυσμοί των βοηθητικών Τ λεμφοκυττάρων σε κιρρωτικούς με κιρσορραγία είναι σημαντικά μειωμένη. Φαίνεται λοιπόν οτι οι ασθενείς με κίρρωση και σήψη έχουν ικανοποιητική κυτταρική ανοσιακή απάντηση ενώ αυτό δεν ισχύει και για αυτούς με κιρσορραγία. Τα επίπεδα των φλεγμονωδών και ιδιαίτερα των αντιφλεγμονωδών κυτοκινών IL-1RA και sTNFRII στο ασκιτικό υγρό κιρρωτικών ασθενών είναι αυξημένα σε περίπτωση φλεγμονής του περιτοναίου. Η φλεγμονώδης απάντηση στη λοίμωξη, όπως φαίνεται από τα επίπεδα των κυτοκινών στο ασκιτικό υγρό, είναι αυξημένη στους κιρρωτικούς ασθενείς γενικά και ιδιαίτερα σε αυτούς που αναπτύσσουν αυτόματη βακτηριακή περιτονίτιδα. Ίσως υπάρχει συσχέτιση αυτής της διαπίστωσης με τη βαρύτητα της πρόγνωσης και τις σοβαρές αιμοδυναμικές διαταραχές που παρατηρούνται σε κιρρωτικούς με αυτόματη βακτηριακή περιτονίτιδα.AIM: To identify the demographic characteristics of cirrhotic patients, the most frequent infections and the difference in lymphocyte subsets between cirrhotic patients with gastrointestinal bleeding, infection and other cirrhotic patients. We also tried to determine the pattern of cytokine expression in the ascitic fluid (AF) of cirrhotic patients either with or without spontaneous bacterial peritonitis and investigate the effects of SBP on some cytokines in ascitic fluidPATIENTS AND METHODS: We included 110 patients, who were admitted to hospital from May 2006 to December 2007. Patients were divided into three groups: group 1: including those who were admitted through any cause, group 2: patients with any type of infection and group 3: patients with gastrointestinal bleeding. We collected: demographic characteristics, etiology of cirrhosis, the cause of admission to hospital, the type and frequency of infection, and the mortality. We also measured absolute T lymphocyte subpopulations (CD3, CD56, CD4, CD8, CD5, CD20, CD14, CD64) using flow cytometry. Also, we studied 13 cirrhotic patients, who were admitted to the department of Internal Medicine of University Hospital of Patras within the same period for a variety of reasons. From the amount of patients, seven patients developed SBP (group 1) and six patients presented no evidence of infection, including SBP (group 2). Ascitic levels of IL-1b, TNF-a, IL-6, IL-10,a IL-1ra, STNFRI, STNFRII were assayed with ELISA kits. RESULTS: 21.8% developed any infection, 19.1 % had gastrointestinal bleeding and 59.1 % were admitted through any cause. The most frequent infections were: pulmonary tract infections (30.6%), spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (22.2%), gastrointestinal infections (13.9%) and urinary tract infections (8.3%). In 11.1% cases, the cause of infection was not identified. The mortality rate was 9%. We observed a significant decrease in absolute counts of total T lymphocyte subsets (CD3) between group 1 and 3 on Day 3. We also found significant decrease (P< 0.05) in T-helper lymphocytes (CD4) on Day 3 and exit day in these groups. For ascitic fluid measurements of the 13 patients, multivariate analysis showed significant differences (P< 0,05) between the two groups to the levels of STNFRII and IL-1RA. Ascitic levels of IL-10, IL-6, IL-1ra, TNF-a, STNFRII and STNFRI were higher (not statistical significant ) in the ascitic fluid of patients with SBP. However, TGF-b1 levels were lower in group 1 patients. It is remarkable that IL-1b was not expressed in patients either with or without spontaneous bacterial peritonitis.DISCUSSION: Sepsis is a common reason of admission to hospital. 30-50% of cirrhotic patients develop a type of infection upon admission to the hospital. In our study, 21.8% of patients were admitted to hospital with a type of infection. T-helper (CD4) and total (CD3) lymphocyte subsets were statistical significant lower (P<0,05) in patients with variceal bleeding. Probably, patients with gastrointestinal bleeding have defensive immune system. On the other hand, those with sepsis have satisfactory cellular immunity. Apart from that, we demonstrated an increased cytokine production in ascitic fluid of cirrhotic patients, while the levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines sTNFRII and IL-1ra are significantly increased in SBP. It seems, therefore, that an ascitic fluid anti-inflammatory response is characteristic in SBP, and this might compromise the final outcome

Peripheral Inserted Central Catheter Use and Related Infections in Clinical Practice: A Literature Update

Peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC) lines are commonly used by clinicians in daily practice. This strategy has been established the latest years as a common approach in many clinical conditions. Apart from their usefulness, PICC use is related to some complications. Aim of this review is to summarize all relevant publications regarding the PICC-related infection, as sepsis remains a high mortality syndrome. We conducted a PubMed search to identify all relevant publications referring to infective complications after insertion and use of PICC lines in hospitalized adult patients. A great number of publications suggest that PICC lines are widely used in the management of patients. The use of peripheral inserted central lines is related with a few complications, including bloodstream infections. Existing data mainly support their use in specific clinical conditions because of the low infectious rates. Some conflicting data also exist regarding PICC use, due to an unclear benefit from their use compared to other commonly used strategies. Although a number of complications, including bloodstream infections are related with insertion of PICC lines, their use has a promising role and can be used when indicated in a wide variety of clinical conditions, especially in specific categories of patients and prolonged periodsSCOPUS: re.jinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishe

Myocarditis Caused by Brucella melitensis in the Absence of Endocarditis: Case Report and Review of the Literature

Brucellosis remains an important public health problem with endemic characteristics in many countries. Brucellosis can affect almost all organs and systems of human body. Cardiac complications are unusual, occurring in less than 2% of patients and usually manifest as endocarditis. We present the case of a 21-year-old Caucasian man, who was admitted to the University Hospital of Patras, Western Greece, with fatigue, fever up to 39°C, and retrosternal pain. Musculoskeletal, genitourinary, gastrointestinal, hematologic, nervous, skin, and mucous membranes and respiratory complications have been reported in several cases of brucellosis. Development of myocarditis is a highly rare complication of brucellosis, particularly in the absence of concomitant endocarditis. Clinicians should be aware of this clinical entity especially in endemic areas as appropriate antibiotic treatment is life-saving and may prevent serious cardiologic disorders

Hepatocellular Carcinoma: An Uncommon Metastasis in the Orbit

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) represents the most common type of primary cancer of the liver and is associated with poor prognosis. It is the most common cause of death in cirrhotic patients and in different studies was shown as the third most common cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Each year, approximately half a million people are diagnosed with HCC. In recent decades, the prognosis of patients with HCC has improved because more cases are diagnosed and treated at early stages; high-risk patients (i.e., with chronic HBV or HCV infection) are followed more often for the possibility of HCC, and novel treatment options such as locoregional therapy are used with better overall results. The extrahepatic metastases represent a poor prognostic factor. The most common sites of metastasis in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma are the lung (44%), portal vein (35%), and portal lymph nodes (27%). Also, intra-abdominal lymph nodes and bones are common sites. Orbital metastases rarely occur, representing the 3-7% of orbital masses. These metastases are usually found in advanced tumor stages. The mechanism of metastasis to the orbit is difficult to determine. A hematogenous route, as for other primary neoplasms of the abdomen, may be suspected. Tumor cells may circulate through the vena cava, beyond the pulmonary filter to the heart, and finally be distributed to the orbital region through the arterial systemic circulation. We describe herein a case of an adult male with liver cirrhosis due to alcohol abuse who presented with concomitant diagnosis of HCC and orbit metastasis

Horizontal DNA and mRNA transfer between donor and recipient cells after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation?

Allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation in humans results in true biological chimeras. There is now accumulating evidence that besides Graft versus Host Disease (GvHD), there are also other consequences in the co-existence of two genetically distinct populations in the transplant recipient. First, epithelial cells with donorderived genotype emerge. Second, epithelial tissues of the host acquire genomic alterations. The current review discusses existing data on these recently discovered phenomena and focuses on horizontal gene transfer between donor and recipient cells as a possible mechanism explaining and linking these phenomena