Reduced dietary omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acid ratio and 12/15-lipoxygenase deficiency are protective against chronic high fat diet-induced steatohepatitis

Obesity is associated with metabolic perturbations including liver and adipose tissue inflammation, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes. Omega-6 fatty acids (ω6) promote and omega-3 fatty acids (ω3) reduce inflammation as they can be metabolized to pro- and anti-inflammatory eicosanoids, respectively. 12/15-lipoxygenase (12/15-LO) enzymatically produces some of these metabolites and is induced by high fat (HF) diet. We investigated the effects of altering dietary ω6/ω3 ratio and 12/15-LO deficiency on HF diet-induced tissue inflammation and insulin resistance. We examined how these conditions affect circulating concentrations of oxidized metabolites of ω6 arachidonic and linoleic acids and innate and adaptive immune system activity in the liver. For 15 weeks, wild-type (WT) mice were fed either a soybean oil-enriched HF diet with high dietary ω6/ω3 ratio (11∶1, HFH), similar to Western-style diet, or a fat Kcal-matched, fish oil-enriched HF diet with a low dietary ω6/ω3 ratio of 2.7∶1 (HFL). Importantly, the total saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fat content was matched in the two HF diets, which is unlike most published fish oil studies in mice. Despite modestly increased food intake, WT mice fed HFL were protected from HFH-diet induced steatohepatitis, evidenced by decreased hepatic mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory genes and genes involved in lymphocyte homing, and reduced deposition of hepatic triglyceride. Furthermore, oxidized metabolites of ω6 arachidonic acid were decreased in the plasma of WT HFL compared to WT HFH-fed mice. 12/15-LO knockout (KO) mice were also protected from HFH-induced fatty liver and elevated mRNA markers of inflammation and lymphocyte homing. 12/15-LOKO mice were protected from HFH-induced insulin resistance but reducing dietary ω6/ω3 ratio in WT mice did not ameliorate insulin resistance or adipose tissue inflammation. In conclusion, lowering dietary ω6/ω3 ratio in HF diet significantly reduces steatohepatitis.Fil: Lazic, Milos. University of California at San Diego; Estados UnidosFil: Inzaugarat, Maria Eugenia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo; ArgentinaFil: Povero, Davide. University of California at San Diego; Estados UnidosFil: Zhao, Iris C.. University of California at San Diego; Estados UnidosFil: Chen, Mark. University of California at San Diego; Estados UnidosFil: Nalbandian, Madlena. University of California at San Diego; Estados UnidosFil: Miller, Yury I.. University of California at San Diego; Estados UnidosFil: Cherñavsky, Alejandra Claudia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo; ArgentinaFil: Feldstein, Ariel E.. University of California at San Diego; Estados UnidosFil: Sears, Dorothy D.. University of California at San Diego; Estados Unido

NLRP3 inflammasome activation is required for fibrosis development in NAFLD

NLR inflammasomes, caspase 1 activation platforms critical for processing key pro-inflammatory cytokines, have been implicated in the development of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). As the direct role of the NLRP3 inflammasome remains unclear, we tested effects of persistent NLRP3 activation as a contributor to NAFLD development and, in particular, as a modulator of progression from benign hepatic steatosis to steatohepatitis during diet-induced NAFLD. Gain of function tamoxifen-inducible Nlrp3 knock-in mice allowing for in vivo temporal control of NLRP3 activation and loss of function Nlrp3 knockout mice were placed on short-term choline-deficient amino acid-defined (CDAA) diet, to induce isolated hepatic steatosis or long-term CDAA exposure, to induce severe steatohepatitis and fibrosis, respectively. Expression of NLRP3 associated proteins was assessed in liver biopsies of a well-characterized group of patients with the full spectrum of NAFLD. Nlrp3−/− mice were protected from long-term feeding CDAA-induced hepatomegaly, liver injury, and infiltration of activated macrophages. More importantly, Nlrp3−/− mice showed marked protection from CDAA-induced liver fibrosis. After 4 weeks on CDAA diet, wild-type (WT) animals showed isolated hepatic steatosis while Nlrp3 knock-in mice showed severe liver inflammation, with increased infiltration of activated macrophages and early signs of liver fibrosis. In the liver samples of patients with NAFLD, inflammasome components were significantly increased in those patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) when compared to those with non-NASH NAFLD with mRNA levels of pro-IL1 beta correlated to levels of COL1A1. Our study uncovers a crucial role for the NLRP3 inflammasome in the development of NAFLD. These findings may lead to novel therapeutic strategies aimed at halting the progression of hepatic steatosis to the more severe forms of this disease.Fil: Wree, Alexander. University of California at San Diego; Estados Unidos. University Hospital Essen; AlemaniaFil: McGeough, Matthew D.. University of California at San Diego; Estados UnidosFil: Peña, Carla A.. University of California at San Diego; Estados UnidosFil: Schlattjan, Martin. University Hospital Essen; AlemaniaFil: Li, Hongying. University of California at San Diego; Estados UnidosFil: Inzaugarat, Maria Eugenia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo; ArgentinaFil: Messer, Karen. University of California at San Diego; Estados UnidosFil: Canbay, Ali. University Hospital Essen; AlemaniaFil: Hoffman, Hal M.. University of California at San Diego; Estados Unidos. Ludwig Institute of Cancer Research; Estados UnidosFil: Feldstein, Ariel E.. University of California at San Diego; Estados Unido

Altered phenotype and functionality of circulating immune cells characterize adult patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis

Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a chronic inflammatory liver disease associated with insulin resistance and its metabolic consequences. Leukocyte mobilization, intrahepatic activation, and an exacerbated production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cytokines contribute to the development of NASH. Though alterations in peripheral blood (PB) T cell proportions and functionality remain unidentified, they might play a main role in NASH progression. We have compared the phenotype and Th1/Th2 commitment of peripheral immune cell reservoirs in adult patients and controls as well as the ability of neutrophils and monocytes to handle an ex vivo challenge. Also, we correlated those parameters with the main histological characteristics in NASH. Compared with controls, patients showed increased numbers of CD4 + cells and both CD4 + and CD8 + CD45RO subsets together with a higher frequency of IFN-γ-producing CD4 + and CD8 + T cells. We also found a decreased number of CD4 + and CD8 + CD45RA subsets. The distinctive production of IFN-γ highlights the significance of the observed skewed frequencies of PB T cells. Whereas ROS production by monocytes from NASH patients did not differ from controls, circulating neutrophils displayed a particularly higher phorbol myristate acetate-induced production of ROS. A negative correlation between oxidative burst and fibrosis grade was observed. This study reveals the presence of a characteristic profile of peripheral immune cells in NASH. We also discuss the probable influence of obesity on some of our present findings.Fil: Inzaugarat, Maria Eugenia. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Hospital de Clínicas General San Martín; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo; ArgentinaFil: Ferreyra Solari, Nazarena Eugenia. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Hospital de Clínicas General San Martín; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Billordo, Luis Ariel. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Hospital de Clínicas General San Martín; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Abecasis, Raquel. Gobierno de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires. Hospital de Gastroenterología "Dr. Carlos B. Udaondo"; ArgentinaFil: Gadano, Adrián Carlos. Hospital Italiano; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Cherñavsky, Alejandra Claudia. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Hospital de Clínicas General San Martín; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo; Argentin

The role of innate cells is coupled to a Th1-polarized immune response in pediatric nonalcoholic steatohepatitis

Background: Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a chronic inflammatory liver disease influenced by risk factors for the metabolic syndrome. In adult patients, NASH is associated with an altered phenotype and functionality of peripheral immune cells, the recruitment of leukocytes and intrahepatic activation, and an exacerbated production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cytokines. It remains unclear if the previously described differences between pediatric and adult nonalcoholic fatty liver diseases also reflect differences in their pathogenesis. Aims: We aimed to investigate the phenotype and functionality of circulating immune cells and the potential contribution of liver infiltrating leukocytes to the immunological imbalance in pediatric NASH. Results: By a real-time PCR-based analysis of cytokines and immunohistochemical staining of liver biopsies, we demonstrated that the hepatic microenvironment is dominated by interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) but not interleukin-4 and is infiltrated by a higher number of CD8 + cells in pediatric NASH. The number of infiltrating neutrophils positively correlated with ROS generation by peripheral polymorphonuclear cells. By a flow cytometric analysis of peripheral blood lymphocytes, a distinctive increase in CD8 + CD45RO and CD8 + CD45RA subpopulations and an increased production of IFN-γ by CD4 + and CD8 + cells were shown. The production of ROS following PMA stimulation was augmented in circulating neutrophils but not in monocytes. Conclusion: In sum, the distinctive phenotype and functionality of infiltrating and circulating cells suggest that the role of innate cells is coupled to a Th1-polarized immune response in pediatric NASH.Fil: Ferreyra Solari, Nazarena Eugenia. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Hospital de Clínicas General San Martín. Laboratorio de Inmunogenética; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Inzaugarat, Maria Eugenia. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Hospital de Clínicas General San Martín. Laboratorio de Inmunogenética; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo; ArgentinaFil: Baz, Placida. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Hospital de Clínicas General San Martín. Laboratorio de Inmunogenética; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo; ArgentinaFil: de Matteo, Elena Noemí. Gobierno de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires. Hospital General de Niños "Ricardo Gutiérrez"; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Lezama, Carol. Gobierno de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires. Hospital General de Niños "Ricardo Gutiérrez"; ArgentinaFil: Galoppo, Marcela. Gobierno de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires. Hospital General de Niños "Ricardo Gutiérrez"; ArgentinaFil: Galoppo, María Cristina. Gobierno de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires. Hospital General de Niños "Ricardo Gutiérrez"; ArgentinaFil: Cherñavsky, Alejandra Claudia. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Hospital de Clínicas General San Martín. Laboratorio de Inmunogenética; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo; Argentin

Alterations in innate and adaptive immune leukocytes are involved in paediatric obesity

Background: Adipose tissue is the main source of the cytokines and adipokines that are increased in the context of obesity. The production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cytokines by circulating immune cells can be regulated by these pro-inflammatory factors even before infiltration into adipose tissue. Objective: To investigate the alterations that can occur in circulating monocytes and lymphocytes in paediatric obesity. Methods: In this study, 54 paediatric obese patients and 30 age-matched metabolically healthy individuals were enrolled. Intracellular cytokines were analyzed after phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) or leptin plus PMA stimulation of lymphocytes and monocytes by flow cytometry. ROS generation was measured using dichlorofluorescein-diacetate. Both a 'stimulation index' and a 'fold of increase' were calculated for statistical purposes. Results: Both interferon gamma (IFN-γ) production by circulating CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes and ROS production by monocytes following PMA stimulation were increased in obese patients. Leptin induced an increased production of IFN-γ in both subsets of T cells and tumour necrosis factor alpha in monocytes, and linoleic acid induced a higher ROS production in monocytes. Conclusions: The distinct functional responses of circulating cells suggest that alterations in both innate and adaptive immune cells are involved in the maintenance of low-grade inflammation in paediatric obesity.Fil: Inzaugarat, Maria Eugenia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo; ArgentinaFil: Billordo, Luis Ariel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo; ArgentinaFil: Vodánovich, F.. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo; ArgentinaFil: Cervini Bohm, Gabriela Marta . Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo; ArgentinaFil: Casavalle, Patricia Lucía. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Hospital de Clínicas General San Martín; ArgentinaFil: Vedire, C.. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Hospital de Clínicas General San Martín; ArgentinaFil: Cherñavsky, Alejandra Claudia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo; Argentin