Spatially explicit genetic structure in the freshwater sponge Ephydatia fluviatilis (Linnaeus, 1759) within the framework of the monopolisation hypothesis

An apparent paradox is known for crustaceans, rotifers and bryozoans living in inland small water bodies: a potential for wide distribution due to the presence of resting stages is coupled with marked genetic differences between nearby water bodies, with enclave distributions masking clear phylogeographic patterns. According to the monopolisation hypothesis, this is due to the accumulation of resting stages, monopolising each water body. Freshwater sponges could represent a useful system to assess the generality of the mo- nopolisation hypothesis: these organisms i) live in the same habitats as crustaceans, rotifers and bryozoans, ii) produce resting stages that can accumulate, and iii) have indeed a wide distribution. Currently, no studies on spatially explicit genetic differentiation on fresh- water sponges are available. The aim of the present study is to provide additional empirical evidence in support of the generality of the scenario for small aquatic animals with resting stages by analysing genetic diversity at different spatial scales for an additional model system, the freshwater sponge ephydatia fluviatilis (Linnaeus, 1759). We expected that system genetic variability would follow enclave distributions, no clear phylogeographical patterns would be present, and nearby unconnected water bodies would show markedly different populations for this new model too. We analysed the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer regions 5.8S-ITS2-28S, the D3 domain of 28S subunit, the mitochondrial Cytochrome c Oxidase I (COI) and ten specific microsatellite markers of nine Italian and one Hungarian populations. Mitochondrial and nuclear sequences showed no or very low genetic polymorphism, whereas high levels of differentiation among populations and a significant polymorphism were observed using microsatellites. Microsatellite loci also showed a high proportion of private alleles for each population and an overall correlation between geographic and genetic distances among populations. All the expectations from the monopolisation hypothesis seemingly were confirmed for the analysed sponge

The 12-month treatment with the oral contraceptive formulation containing dienogest (DNG) and estradiol valerate (E2V) shows beneficial effects on psychological symptoms: results from a prospective comparative study with a formulation containing ethinyl estradiol (EE) and drospirenone (DRSP)

The COCs evolution has been obtained with new and differents progestinic compounds associated with lower doses of EE (ethinylestradiol). The revo- lution in the COCs field is the introduction of estra- diol valerate (E2V), ester of the natural estrogen, estradiol (E2) instead of EE. Dienogest (DNG) is the progestinic compound of the COC Klaira associated with E2V in a multiphase formulation. DNG has a strong antiandrogenetic action without the mineral- corticoid and glucocorticoid action and E2V acts in this association improving the subjective sleep quality, somatic complaints, anxiety, vigilance, cog- nition and numerical memory. The EE/DRSP(drospirenone) association (Yaz®) has a progestinic compound characterized by antimineralcorticoid and antiandrogenic properties with a positive effect on psychological symptoms. In this prospective study we evaluated if E2V is able to exert the same psychological symptoms as EE/DRSP formulation. Psychological changes were evaluated with SCL90 for 5 cycles. In comparison with the basal value the score was significantly reduced (p<0,001) during both treatments. This effects observed confirm that DNG and DRSP act with beneficial effects on CNS

The 12-month treatment with the oral contraceptive formulation containing dienogest (DNG) and estradiol valerate (E2V) shows beneficial effects on psychological symptoms: results from a prospective comparative study with a formulation containing ethinyl estradiol (EE) and drospirenone (DRSP)

The COCs evolution has been obtained with new and differents progestinic compounds associated with lower doses of EE (ethinylestradiol). The revolution in the COCs field is the introduction of estradiol valerate (E2V), ester of the natural estrogen, estradiol (E2) instead of EE. Dienogest (DNG) is the progestinic compound of the COC Klaira® associated with E2V in a multiphase formulation. DNG has a strong antiandrogenetic action without the mineralcorticoid and glucocorticoid action and E2V acts in this association improving the subjective sleep quality, somatic complaints, anxiety, vigilance, cognition and numerical memory. The EE/DRSP (drospirenone) association (Yaz®) has a progestinic compound characterized by antimineralcorticoid and antiandrogenic properties with a positive effect on psychological symptoms. In this prospective study we evaluated if E2V is able to exert the same psychological symptoms as EE/DRSP formulation. Psychological changes were evaluated with SCL90 for 5 cycles. In comparison with the basal value the score was significantly reduced (p<0,001) during both treatments. This effects observed confirm that DNG and DRSP act with beneficial effects on CN