Apendicite Aguda: aspectos etiopatogênicos, métodos diagnósticos e a apendicectomia videolaparoscópica como manejo

A apendicite aguda consiste na inflamação do apêndice cecal, que ocorre em decorrência de uma obstrução luminal, a qual pode ser resultado da presença de fecalitos, fezes impactadas, corpos estranhos ou neoplasias. Devido a isso, há uma distensão do órgão e consequente transmissão nervosa intensa, a qual é responsável pela dor característica. Tal patologia pode ser classificada em complicada ou não complicada, a depender do estágio evolutivo do quadro, o que irá influenciar diretamente na decisão do manejo terapêutico mais adequado. Em virtude da variedade etiológica da apendicite aguda, a epidemiologia é bastante variada, e a incidência depende de diversos fatores, sendo que fatores genéticos e histórico familiar caracterizam condições que predispõem ao quadro. Além disso, a depender da etiologia da apendicite e da evolução do quadro, as manifestações clínicas e o prognóstico são diferentes. No que tange ao diagnóstico, esse é, frequentemente, realizado de maneira clínica, quando depara-se com a seguinte tríade: dor abdominal no quadrante inferior direito ou migratória, anorexia e náuseas e/ou vômitos. Todavia, ele pode ser confirmado através do exame físico, associado a parâmetros laboratoriais de inflamação e exames imagiológicos de ultrassom, tomografia computadorizada ou ressonância magnética sugestivos. O manejo terapêutico precoce é imprescindível, a fim de evitar possíveis complicações para o paciente. Sabe-se que a apendicectomia laparoscópica consiste no método padrão-ouro para o tratamento da apendicite aguda, devido a sua baixa invasividade, segurança e recuperação pós operatória mais rápida. Todavia, apesar dos benefícios, é de extrema relevância uma investigação pré operatória adequada, a fim de descartar possíveis diagnósticos diferenciais e evitar iatrogenia

Effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor and angiotensin receptor blocker initiation on organ support-free days in patients hospitalized with COVID-19

IMPORTANCE Overactivation of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) may contribute to poor clinical outcomes in patients with COVID-19. Objective To determine whether angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor or angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) initiation improves outcomes in patients hospitalized for COVID-19. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS In an ongoing, adaptive platform randomized clinical trial, 721 critically ill and 58 non–critically ill hospitalized adults were randomized to receive an RAS inhibitor or control between March 16, 2021, and February 25, 2022, at 69 sites in 7 countries (final follow-up on June 1, 2022). INTERVENTIONS Patients were randomized to receive open-label initiation of an ACE inhibitor (n = 257), ARB (n = 248), ARB in combination with DMX-200 (a chemokine receptor-2 inhibitor; n = 10), or no RAS inhibitor (control; n = 264) for up to 10 days. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The primary outcome was organ support–free days, a composite of hospital survival and days alive without cardiovascular or respiratory organ support through 21 days. The primary analysis was a bayesian cumulative logistic model. Odds ratios (ORs) greater than 1 represent improved outcomes. RESULTS On February 25, 2022, enrollment was discontinued due to safety concerns. Among 679 critically ill patients with available primary outcome data, the median age was 56 years and 239 participants (35.2%) were women. Median (IQR) organ support–free days among critically ill patients was 10 (–1 to 16) in the ACE inhibitor group (n = 231), 8 (–1 to 17) in the ARB group (n = 217), and 12 (0 to 17) in the control group (n = 231) (median adjusted odds ratios of 0.77 [95% bayesian credible interval, 0.58-1.06] for improvement for ACE inhibitor and 0.76 [95% credible interval, 0.56-1.05] for ARB compared with control). The posterior probabilities that ACE inhibitors and ARBs worsened organ support–free days compared with control were 94.9% and 95.4%, respectively. Hospital survival occurred in 166 of 231 critically ill participants (71.9%) in the ACE inhibitor group, 152 of 217 (70.0%) in the ARB group, and 182 of 231 (78.8%) in the control group (posterior probabilities that ACE inhibitor and ARB worsened hospital survival compared with control were 95.3% and 98.1%, respectively). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In this trial, among critically ill adults with COVID-19, initiation of an ACE inhibitor or ARB did not improve, and likely worsened, clinical outcomes. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT0273570

Health conditions associated with overweight in climacteric women.

This study aims to investigate the association between health conditions and overweight in climacteric women assisted by primary care professionals. It is a cross-sectional study conducted with 874 women from 40 to 65 years of age, selected by probabilistic sampling between August 2014 and August 2015. In addition to the outcome variable, overweight and obesity, other variables such as sociodemographic, reproductive, clinical, eating and behavioural factors were evaluated. Descriptive analyses of the variables investigated were performed to determine their frequency distributions. Then, bivariate analyses were performed through Poisson regression. For the multivariate analyses, hierarchical Poisson regression was used to identify factors associated with overweight and obesity in the climacteric period. The prevalence of overweight and obesity was 74%. Attending public school (PR: 1.30-95% CI 1.14-1.50), less schooling (PR: 1.11-95% CI 1.01-1.23), gout (PR: 1.18-95% CI 1.16-1.44), kidney disease (PR: 1.18-95% CI 1.05-1.32), metabolic syndrome (MS) (PR: 1.19-95% CI 1.05-1.34) and fat intake (PR: 1.12-95% CI 1.02-1.23) were considered risk factors for overweight. Having the first birth after 18 years of age (PR: 0.89-95% CI 0.82 to 0.97) was shown to be a protective factor for overweight and obesity. The presence of overweight and obesity is associated with sociodemographic, reproductive, clinical and eating habits

Correction: Health conditions associated with overweight in climacteric women.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0218497.]