Custo da adequação de pequenos produtores de queijos aos requisitos da legislação do estado de Minas Gerais

A produção de queijos tem grande importância econômica, particularmente para os pequenos produtores que enfrentam dificuldades para cumprir a legislação estadual. Este estudo teve como objetivos identificar o grau de atendimento das exigências regulamentares, avaliar o custo das adequações necessárias e propor medidas para o atendimento da legislação pelos produtores de queijo. O estudo foi conduzido em 25 queijarias da mesorregião de Campos das Vertentes. Dados foram obtidos por meio de questionários aplicados nos estabelecimentos, e também foram ouvidos técnicos que atuavam na região. O grau de atendimento aos requisitos da legislação variou de 22% a 68%. Apenas 37% dos produtores avaliados atenderam 49% ou mais dos itens da legislação. O restante (63%) atendeu menos de 50% dos requisitos. Os custos de adequação variaram de R$4.914,00 a R$ 30.395,00 Mais da metade (58%) dos produtores precisariam investir menos de R$15.000,00 e os demais, no mínimo, R$ 25.000,00. Comprovou-se que os investimentos para adequação à legislação estão acima da renda auferida pelas produções individuais. Uma alternativa para os produtores de queijo não artesanal, que representam a maioria, seria formar associações de modo a centralizar a produção. Para os produtores de queijo artesanal uma alternativa seria a adequação por etapas, priorizando-se os itens relativos à higiene e segurança. Considerando a importância da atividade e a demanda por esses produtos, há necessidade de políticas públicas de apoio financeiro que possibilitariam a manutenção dos produtores na atividade enquanto garantiriam a qualidade e a segurança dos queijos para os consumidores

Detecção de soroalbuminas e imunoglobulinas no leite bovino como indicadores de mastite subclínica Evaluation of serum albumin and immunoglobulins in bovine milk as an indicator of subclinical mastitis

Com o objetivo de verificar a utilidade da detecção de soroalbumina (BSA) e imunoglobulinas (Ig) no leite como diagnóstico da mastite subclínica, avaliou-se a relação entre a concentração dessas proteínas, o exame microbiológico e o teste "California Mastitis Test" (CMT). Amostras de leite de 172 quartos mamários previamente examinadas pelo CMT foram colhidas e levadas imediatamente ao laboratório para exames bacteriológicos. Uma alíquota de cada amostra foi congelada a -20&deg;C e posteriomente testada para a presença de BSA e Ig, por meio da técnica de imunodifusão radial simples. Das amostras testadas, 111 apresentaram níveis fisiológicos de BSA (This work aimed to evaluate the feasibility of milk serum albumin (BSA) and immunoglobulin (Ig) detection for the diagnosis of subclinical mastitis. Bacteriological examinations and concentrations of BSA and Ig were determined in 172 milk samples. The samples were also examined by the California Mastitis Test (CMT). Immediately after collection, the samples were taken to the laboratory and bacteriologically examined. An aliquot of each sample was kept at -20&deg;C and later, concentrations of BSA and Ig were determined by radial immunodiffusion. A total of 111 milk samples had physiological levels of BSA (< 0.2 mg/ml) and Ig (< 0.5mg/ml). Twenty-two samples had higher levels of both proteins and 39 samples had higher levels of Ig and physiological levels of BSA. Concentrations of BSA and Ig above the physiological levels were more frequently observed in quarters samples with severo (+++) CMT reaction and udder infection caused by Streptococcus spp and Staphylococcus aureus. In bacteriologically positive quarters (88 out of 172), increased levels of BSA and Ig were found in 10 and 35 samples, respectively. In the bacteriologically negativo quartors (84 out of 172), physiological levels of BSA and Ig were found in 72 and 58 samples, respectively. Although BSA and Ig measurements in milk samples gave further information about udder tissue damage, they can not be used as a sensitive parameter to detect early inflammatory reaction

Effect of lung recruitment and titrated Positive End-Expiratory Pressure (PEEP) vs low PEEP on mortality in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome - A randomized clinical trial

IMPORTANCE: The effects of recruitment maneuvers and positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) titration on clinical outcomes in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) remain uncertain. OBJECTIVE: To determine if lung recruitment associated with PEEP titration according to the best respiratory-system compliance decreases 28-day mortality of patients with moderate to severe ARDS compared with a conventional low-PEEP strategy. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Multicenter, randomized trial conducted at 120 intensive care units (ICUs) from 9 countries from November 17, 2011, through April 25, 2017, enrolling adults with moderate to severe ARDS. INTERVENTIONS: An experimental strategy with a lung recruitment maneuver and PEEP titration according to the best respiratory-system compliance (n = 501; experimental group) or a control strategy of low PEEP (n = 509). All patients received volume-assist control mode until weaning. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: The primary outcome was all-cause mortality until 28 days. Secondary outcomes were length of ICU and hospital stay; ventilator-free days through day 28; pneumothorax requiring drainage within 7 days; barotrauma within 7 days; and ICU, in-hospital, and 6-month mortality. RESULTS: A total of 1010 patients (37.5% female; mean [SD] age, 50.9 [17.4] years) were enrolled and followed up. At 28 days, 277 of 501 patients (55.3%) in the experimental group and 251 of 509 patients (49.3%) in the control group had died (hazard ratio [HR], 1.20; 95% CI, 1.01 to 1.42; P = .041). Compared with the control group, the experimental group strategy increased 6-month mortality (65.3% vs 59.9%; HR, 1.18; 95% CI, 1.01 to 1.38; P = .04), decreased the number of mean ventilator-free days (5.3 vs 6.4; difference, −1.1; 95% CI, −2.1 to −0.1; P = .03), increased the risk of pneumothorax requiring drainage (3.2% vs 1.2%; difference, 2.0%; 95% CI, 0.0% to 4.0%; P = .03), and the risk of barotrauma (5.6% vs 1.6%; difference, 4.0%; 95% CI, 1.5% to 6.5%; P = .001). There were no significant differences in the length of ICU stay, length of hospital stay, ICU mortality, and in-hospital mortality. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: In patients with moderate to severe ARDS, a strategy with lung recruitment and titrated PEEP compared with low PEEP increased 28-day all-cause mortality. These findings do not support the routine use of lung recruitment maneuver and PEEP titration in these patients. TRIAL REGISTRATION: clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT01374022

Brazilian Flora 2020: Leveraging the power of a collaborative scientific network

International audienceThe shortage of reliable primary taxonomic data limits the description of biological taxa and the understanding of biodiversity patterns and processes, complicating biogeographical, ecological, and evolutionary studies. This deficit creates a significant taxonomic impediment to biodiversity research and conservation planning. The taxonomic impediment and the biodiversity crisis are widely recognized, highlighting the urgent need for reliable taxonomic data. Over the past decade, numerous countries worldwide have devoted considerable effort to Target 1 of the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation (GSPC), which called for the preparation of a working list of all known plant species by 2010 and an online world Flora by 2020. Brazil is a megadiverse country, home to more of the world's known plant species than any other country. Despite that, Flora Brasiliensis, concluded in 1906, was the last comprehensive treatment of the Brazilian flora. The lack of accurate estimates of the number of species of algae, fungi, and plants occurring in Brazil contributes to the prevailing taxonomic impediment and delays progress towards the GSPC targets. Over the past 12 years, a legion of taxonomists motivated to meet Target 1 of the GSPC, worked together to gather and integrate knowledge on the algal, plant, and fungal diversity of Brazil. Overall, a team of about 980 taxonomists joined efforts in a highly collaborative project that used cybertaxonomy to prepare an updated Flora of Brazil, showing the power of scientific collaboration to reach ambitious goals. This paper presents an overview of the Brazilian Flora 2020 and provides taxonomic and spatial updates on the algae, fungi, and plants found in one of the world's most biodiverse countries. We further identify collection gaps and summarize future goals that extend beyond 2020. Our results show that Brazil is home to 46,975 native species of algae, fungi, and plants, of which 19,669 are endemic to the country. The data compiled to date suggests that the Atlantic Rainforest might be the most diverse Brazilian domain for all plant groups except gymnosperms, which are most diverse in the Amazon. However, scientific knowledge of Brazilian diversity is still unequally distributed, with the Atlantic Rainforest and the Cerrado being the most intensively sampled and studied biomes in the country. In times of “scientific reductionism”, with botanical and mycological sciences suffering pervasive depreciation in recent decades, the first online Flora of Brazil 2020 significantly enhanced the quality and quantity of taxonomic data available for algae, fungi, and plants from Brazil. This project also made all the information freely available online, providing a firm foundation for future research and for the management, conservation, and sustainable use of the Brazilian funga and flora