53 research outputs found
Exploring the endocrine disrupting potential of lead through benchmark modelling ā Study in humans
Exposure to low levels of a toxic metal lead (Pb) affects human health, and its effect as an endocrine disruptor has been reported. However, the precise role of Pb in endocrine health is still unclear because no dose-response relationship has been established for such an effect. The present study aimed to examine blood Pb levels (BLLs) in relation to serum levels of free triiodothyronine (fT3), free thyroxine (fT4), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), and insulin in 435 nonoccupationally exposed Serbian subjects (218 women, 217 men, 18ā94 years of age, mean age 48). In addition, benchmark dose (BMD) values were calculated for these endocrine endpoints using the PROAST 70.1 software. An explicit dose-response dependency between BLL and TSH, fT3, fT4, testosterone, and insulin serum levels was evident from BMD modelling. The results support the positive association between BLLs and serum insulin levels, with observed dose-response and calculated BMD values of 1.49 and 0.74 Ī¼g Pb/dL in males and females, respectively. Collectively, our findings reported potential endocrine-disrupting effects of Pb at the environmental exposure levels experienced by current Serbian population. They also strengthen the notion that the blood Pb threshold level for an endocrine effect is low
Nivoi kadmijuma u humanom tkivu dojke i nivoi estradiola u serumu: Postoji li veza?
Cadmium (Cd), one of the most abundant environmental pollutants, is considered to have endocrine disrupting properties. However, data on the dose-response relationship between Cd dose and levels of hormones have been insufficiently studied, especially in human data sets. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine the possibility of analyzing data obtained from a case- control study in female patients with benign/malignant breast tumors, using the Benchmark dose (BMD) concept. The collected data on Cd levels in breast tissue and estrogen serum levels were processed in PROAST software using different variables. The dose-response relationship between the internal dose of Cd and estradiol levels in the serum was investigated and BMD intervals were calculated. The dose-response relationship between the Cd concentration in breast tissue and the estradiol serum level was shown, indicating lower estradiol serum levels as a consequence of higher Cd concentrations in breast tissue. As one of the few studies analyzing human data using the BMD approach, these findings could have a pivotal role in dose response analysis of data collected from human studies.Kadmijum (Cd), jedan od najzastupljenijih zagaÄivaÄa životne sredine, dokazan je endokrini ometaÄ. MeÄutim, podaci o postojanju odnosa izmeÄu doze Cd i odgovora-nivoa hormona nisu dovoljno istraženi, posebno podaci sakupljeni iz studija na ljudima. Stoga je cilj ove studije bio da se utvrdi moguÄnost analize podataka dobijenih iz studije sluÄaja-kontrole kod pacijentkinja sa benignim/malignim tumorom dojke, primenom koncepta BenÄmark doze (BMD). Prikupljeni podaci o nivoima Cd u tkivu dojke i serumskim nivoima estrogena obraÄeni su u PROAST softveru uz koriÅ”Äenje razliÄitih varijabli. Ispitivan je odnos doza-odgovor izmeÄu unutraÅ”nje doze Cd (koncentracije u tkivu dojke) i estradiola u serumu i izraÄunati BMD intervali. UtvrÄeno je postojanje odnosa izmeÄu koncentracije Cd u tkivu dojke i nivoa estradiola u serumu koje ukazuje na niže nivoe estradiola u serumu kao posledica veÄe koncentracije Cd u tkivu dojke. Kao jedno od retkih istraživanja ovog tipa, dobijeni rezultati mogli bi predstavljati poÄetak otkrivanja moguÄnosti analize podataka prikupljenih u studijama na ljudima primenom BMD pristupa
Benchmark dose approach in investigating the relationship between blood metal levels and reproductive hormones: Data set from human study
The main objective of this research was to conduct a doseāresponse modeling between the internal dose of measured blood Cd, As, Hg, Ni, and Cr and hormonal response of serum testosterone, luteinizing hormone (LH), and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). The study included 207 male participants from subjects of 5 different cohorts (patients with prostate, testicular, and pancreatic cancer, patients suffering from various thyroid and metabolic disorders, as well as healthy volunteers), enrolled from January 2019 to May 2021 at the Clinical Centre of Serbia in Belgrade, Serbia. Benchmark doseāresponse modeling analysis was performed with the PROAST software version 70.1, showing the hormone levels as quantal data. The averaging technique was applied to compute the Benchmark dose (BMD) interval (BMDI), with benchmark response set at 10%. Dose-response relationships between metal/metalloid blood concentration and serum hormone levels were confirmed for all the investigated metals/metalloid and hormones. The narrowest BMDI was found for Cd-testosterone and Hg-LH pairs, indicative of high confidence in these estimates. Although further research is needed, the observed findings demonstrate that the BMD approach may prove to be significant in the doseāresponse modeling of human data
VARIABILITY OF AMYLOSE AND AMYLOPECTIN IN WINTER WHEAT AND SELECTION FOR SPECIAL PURPOSES
Cilj ovoga istraživanja bio je ispitati varijabilnost amiloze i amilopektina kod 24 hrvatske i Å”est stranih sorata ozime pÅ”enice te otkriti potencijal istih za posebne namjene. Analiza sastava Å”kroba temeljila se na izdvajanju amiloze i amilopektina te odreÄivanju njihove koliÄine i omjera. Analiza koliÄine amiloze i amilopektina utvrdila je statistiÄki visoko opravdane razlike meÄu ispitivanim sortama. Ispitivane sorte veÄinom su kruÅ”ne pÅ”enice razliÄite kvalitete te imaju uobiÄajen sadržaj amiloze i amilopektina. MeÄu njima izdvojile su se pojedine sorte s visokim sadržajem amilopektina i niskim sadržajem amiloze te jedna sorta s visokim sadržajem amiloze, koje imaju potencijal u buduÄim oplemenjivaÄkim programima i selekciji za posebne namjene.The aim of this study was to investigate the variability of amylose and amylopectin in 24 Croatian and six foreign winter wheat varieties and to detect the potential of these varieties for special purposes. Starch composition analysis was based on the separation of amylose and amylopectin and the determination of their amounts and ratios. Analysis of the amount of amylose and amylopectin determined statistically highly significant differences between the varieties. The tested varieties are mostly bread wheat of different quality which have the usual content of amylose and amylopectin. Some varieties were identified among them with high amylopectin and low amylose content and one variety with high amylose content. They have the potential in future breeding programs and selection for special purposes
In silico analiza utjecaja toksiÄnih metala na komplikacije bolesti COVID-19: molekularni uvidi
COVID-19 can cause a range of complications, including cardiovascular, renal, and/or respiratory insufficiencies, yet little is known of its potential effects in persons exposed to toxic metals. The aim of this study was to answer this question with in silico toxicogenomic methods that can provide molecular insights into COVID-19 complications owed to exposure to arsenic, cadmium, lead, mercury, nickel, and chromium. For this purpose we relied on the Comparative Toxicogenomic Database (CTD), GeneMANIA, and ToppGene Suite portal and identified a set of five common genes (IL1B, CXCL8, IL6, IL10, TNF) for the six metals and COVID-19, all of which code for pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines. The list was expanded with additional 20 related genes. Physical interactions are the most common between the genes affected by the six metals (77.64 %), while the dominant interaction between the genes affected by each metal separately is co-expression (As 56.35 %, Cd 64.07 %, Pb 71.5 %, Hg 81.91 %, Ni 64.28 %, Cr 88.51 %). Biological processes, molecular functions, and pathways in which these 25 genes participate are closely related to cytokines and cytokine storm implicated in the development of COVID-19 complications. In other words, our findings confirm that exposure to toxic metals, alone or in combinations, might escalate COVID-19 severity.COVID-19 može izazvati niz komplikacija, ukljuÄujuÄi kardiovaskularnu, bubrežnu i/ili respiratornu insuficijenciju, ali se malo zna o njegovim potencijalnim uÄincima u osoba koje su izložene toksiÄnim metalima. Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je odgovoriti na to pitanje pomoÄu in silico toksikogenomske metode, koja može pružiti molekularni uvid u komplikacije bolesti COVID-19 uslijed izloženosti arsenu, kadmiju, olovu, živi, niklu i kromu. U tu su svrhu koriÅ”teni Komparativna toksikogenomska baza podataka (CTD), GeneMANIA i ToppGene Suite portal te je identificirana skupina od pet zajedniÄkih gena (IL1B, CXCL8, IL6, IL10, TNF) za Å”est metala i COVID-19, koji svi kodiraju proinflamatorne i antiinflamatorne citokine. Lista je proÅ”irena s dodatnih 20 srodnih gena. FiziÄke interakcije dominirale su izmeÄu gena na koje utjeÄe kombinacija ispitivanih metala (77,64 %), a koekspresija je dominantna interakcija izmeÄu gena na koje djeluju pojedinaÄni metali (As 56,35 %, Cd 64,07 %, Pb 71,5 %, Hg 81,91 %, Ni 64,28 %, Cr 88,51 %). BioloÅ”ki procesi, molekulske funkcije i putovi u kojima sudjeluje tih 25 gena blisko su povezani s citokinima i citokinskom olujom, koja je ukljuÄena u razvoj komplikacija bolesti COVID-19. Drugim rijeÄima, ovi rezultati potvrÄuju da izloženost toksiÄnim metalima, bilo pojedinaÄno ili u kombinaciji, može dovesti do razvoja težih oblika bolesti COVID-19
Uloga farmaceuta u smanjenju uticaja zagaÄenja vazduha na zdravlje ljudi
Polluted air is significant factor with a negative impact on human health. Solving the
problem of polluted air requires involvement of the health system and health workers,
among whom pharmacists in public pharmacies can stand out as the most accessible health
workers with the highest knowledge in the field of toxicology. Considering the indisputable
role of pharmacists in improving health and disease prevention, raising public awareness of
air pollution health impact and advising patients on activities in case of air pollution,
pharmacists would contribute to maintaining health, reducing the burden on the health
system and its efficiency and sustainability. The pharmaceutical profession can make a
significant contribution to combating the impact of air pollution on human health by
increasing the availability of guidelines in the case of polluted air, increasing the availability
of air quality monitoring tools, strengthening educational capacity models, participating in
regulatory frameworks and improving funding for pharmaceutical services. In order for
these responsibilities to be fully incorporated into pharmaceutical practice, it is necessary to:
implement education in the field of toxicology, both at basic and higher levels of study in
order to develop the necessary competencies; increase public awareness of the health
consequences of air pollution, as well as the new roles of pharmacists; develop appropriate
guidelines, regulatory and financial support as well as screening tools. With this in mind, the
role of pharmacists in reducing the impact of air pollution on human health should be
recognized and developed in order to protect human health.ZagaÄen vazduh predstavlja znaÄajan faktor koji ima negativan uticaj na zdravlje ljudi.
ReÅ”avanje problema zagaÄenog vazduha zahteva ukljuÄivanje zdravstvenog sistema i
zdravstvenih radnika, meÄu kojima se mogu istaÄi farmaceuti u javnim apotekama kao
najdostupniji zdravstveni radnici, sa najviÅ”im znanjima iz oblasti toksikologije. ImajuÄi u
vidu neospornu ulogu farmaceuta u unapreÄenju zdravlja i prevenciji bolesti, podizanjem
svesti javnosti o uticaju zagaÄenja vazduha na zdravlje ljudi i davanjem saveta pacijentima o
aktivnostima u sluÄaju zagaÄenja vazduha, farmaceuti bi doprineli oÄuvanju zdravlja,
smanjenju optereÄenja zdravstvenog sistema i njegovoj efikasnosti i održivosti.
Farmaceutska profesija može znaÄajno doprineti suzbijanju uticaja zagaÄenja vazduha na
zdravlje ljudi i to: poveÄanjem dostupnosti smernica u sluÄaju zagaÄenog vazduha,
poveÄanjem dostupnosti alata za monitoring kvaliteta vazduha, jaÄanjem obrazovnih
kapaciteta, uÄestvovanjem u donoÅ”enju regulatornih okvira i poboljÅ”anjem modela
finansiranja farmaceutskih usluga kako bi se obezbedila održivost. Da bi navedene
odgovornosti bile u potpunosti inkorporirane u farmaceutsku praksu, potrebno je:
implementirati edukaciju iz oblasti toksikologije, kako na osnovnim tako i na viŔim nivoima
studija kako bi se razvile neophodne kompetencije; poveÄati svest javnosti o zdravstvenim
posledicama zagaÄenja vazduha, kao i o novim ulogama farmaceuta; razviti odgovarajuÄe
smernice, regulatornu i finansijsku podrÅ”ku kao i alate za skrining. ImajuÄi navedeno u vidu,
uloga farmaceuta u smanjenju uticaja zagaÄenja vazduha na zdravlje ljudi treba biti
prepoznata i razvijena sa ciljem oÄuvanja zdravlja.VIII Kongres farmaceuta Srbije sa meÄunarodnim uÄeÅ”Äem, 12-15.10.2022. Beogra
ToksiÄnist ivermektina
Uvod i cilj. Ivermektin je antiparazitik efikasan protiv Ŕirokog spektra parazita koji se kori-
sti u veterinarskoj i humanoj medicini. Pružaoci zdravstvenih usluga i istraživaÄi trenutno pre-
ispituju veÄ odobrene lekove u pokuÅ”aju da leÄe pacijente obolele od bolesti Covid-19, a iver-
mektin je pokazao izvesna antivirusna svojstva. Cilj ovog rada bio je da se razmotri upotreba
ivermektina u terapiji Covid 19 bolesti sa posebnim osvrtom na toksiÄne efekte ivermektina.
Metode. VrÅ”en je detaljan pregled dostupne literature koja se tiÄe upotrebe ivermektina u
svrhu leÄenja Covid 19 bolesti.
Rezultati. SZO je savetovala da ivermektin treba da se koristi samo u okviru kliniÄkih is-
pitivanja, a ne kao deo rutinske kliniÄke prakse. Nakon medijskih izveÅ”taja i publikacija o
upotrebi ivermektina, EMA je pregledala najnovije objavljene dokaze iz laboratorijskih studija,
opservacionih studija, kliniÄkih ispitivanja i meta-analiza. Laboratorijske studije su otkrile da
ivermektin može da blokira replikaciju SARS-CoV-2 virusa ali u mnogo veÄim koncentracijama
od onih koje se postižu sa trenutno odobrenim dozama. Zbog primene visokih doza leka radi
postizanja adekvatnog efekta ne može se iskljuÄiti pojava toksiÄnih efekata ivermektina. Neki
od zabeleženih simptoma trovanja bili su gastrointestinalni poremeÄaji, konfuzija, ataksija,
slabost, hipotenzija, poremeÄaji vida. Usled velike potražnje i nedostatka leka za humanu
upotrebu, pacijenti Äesto posežu za veterinarskim lekovima Å”to je takoÄe rezultovalo toksiÄ-
nim efektima usled predoziranja i reakcijama na neaktivne sastojke leka koji nisu odobreni za
humanu upotrebu.
ZakljuÄak. U cilju prevencije neadekvatne primene ivermektina i razvoja toksiÄnih efekata
kod pacijenata u doba pandemije korona virusa veoma je važno informisanje i adekvatno
savetovanje opŔte populacije vezano za pravilnu upotrebu ovog leka
Izloženost živi i funkcija Ŕtitaste žlezde: postoji li veza?
Mercury (Hg) is one of the most important environmental pollutants with endocrine-
disrupting properties. There is little data from epidemiological studies describing the dose-
response relationship between toxic metal levels and hormone levels. The aim of this study was
to use the nearest neighbor matching analysis to determine the difference in Hg concentration in
healthy/sick subjects with thyroid disease and to use Benchmark modeling to determine the dose-
response relationship between Hg levels in the blood and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and
thyroid hormones in serum. Blood samples were collected and used for Hg measurement using
the ICP-MS method, and separated serum was used for hormone analysis. The study showed the
existence of a statistically significant difference in Hg levels measured in healthy and sick subjects
and the existence of a dose-response relationship between Hg and all measured hormones, with a
narrow interval obtained for the Hg-TSH pair. The results of this research support the use of the
Benchmark dose approach for the purpose of analyzing data from human studies, and our further
research will be focused on examining the impact of low doses on animal models in order to
determine more precise effects of low doses on the organism.Živa (Hg) je jedan od najznaÄajnijih zagaÄivaÄa životne sredine sa osobinama endokrinog ometaÄa. Malo je podataka iz epidemioloÅ”kih studija koji opisuju odnos doza-odgovor izmeÄu nivoa toksiÄnih metala i nivoa hormona. Cilj ovog rada bio je da primenom nearest neighbor matching analize utvrdi razliku u koncentraciji Hg kod zdravih/obolelih ispitanika od bolesti Å”titaste žlezde i da primenom Benchmark modelovanja utvrdi odnos doza-odgovor izmeÄu nivoa Hg u krvi i tireostimuliÅ”uÄeg hormona (TSH) i tiroidnih hormona u serumu. Uzorci krvi su sakupljeni i koriÅ”Äeni za merenje Hg uz pomoÄ ICP-MS metode, a izdvojeni serum koriÅ”Äen je za analizu hormona. Studija je pokazala postojanje statistiÄki znaÄajne razlike u nivoima Hg koji su izmereni kod zdravih i bolesnih ispitanika i postojanje odnosa doza-odgovor izmeÄu Hg i svih merenih hormona, pri Äemu je uzak interval dobijen za Hg-TSH par. Rezultati ovog istraživanja podržavaju upotrebu Benchmark dose pristupa u svrhu analize podataka iz humanih studija, a naÅ”a dalja istraživanja Äe biti usmerena na ispitivanje uticaja niskih doza na životinjskim modelima, u cilju utvrÄivanja preciznijih efekata niskih doza na organizam
Put Å”tetnog ishoda kao novi pristup u proceni toksiÄnosti u razvoju lekova
Adverse outcome pathways (AOPs) represent a tool in toxicology, introduced in 2010
by scientists from the US Environmental Protection Agency as a framework to support
ecotoxicological research and risk assessment. In 2012, Organization for Economic
Cooperation and Development initiated an international AOPs development program. Since
then, AOPs have been promoted as useful tool in health risk assessment, development of
Integrated Approaches to Testing and Assessment and for developing novel animal-free test
methods (1,2). AOPs provide structured frameworks for collecting, organizing and
evaluating existing toxicological knowledge on mechanistic pathways. AOPs describe
biologically plausible chains of events, linking a molecular initiating event to key events at
different levels of biological organization and, finally, to an adverse outcome. Not being
stressor-specific, the ultimate utility of AOPs should be to predict adverse effects of any type
of stressor, including chemicals, nanomaterials, pharmaceuticals, etc. with unknown toxic
effects for which the toxicological mechanisms are known or can be tested. AOPs have been
suggested as structured basis for predicting drug-induced liver injury (steatosis, fibrosis,
cholestasis) and for developing in silico and in vitro methods for screening, as well as
targeted methods for pre-clinical testing to assess liver toxicity, common reason for
withdrawing pharmaceuticals from the market. AOPs have also been proposed as useful
framework for method development and integration of in vitro data in personalized cancer
therapy. In conclusion, AOPs concept plays an important role in the 21 st century toxicology
paradigm supporting predictive toxicology with alternative assays and reduction of the need
for animal use.Put Ŕtetnog ishoda (engl. adverse outcome pathway, AOP) predstavlja alatku u
toksikologiji prvi put uvedenu 2010. godine od strane nauÄnika AmeriÄke agencije za zaÅ”titu
životne sredine sa ciljem podrÅ”ke istraživanjima u ekotoksikologiji. VeÄ 2012. godine
Organizacija za ekonomsku saradnju i razvoj pokrenula je meÄunarodni program razvoja
AOP. Od tada, AOP je promovisan kao koristan pristup u proceni rizika po zdravlje ljudi,
razvoju novih metoda i integrisanih pristupa testiranju i evaluaciji Ŕtetnih efekata (1,2). AOP
daje struktuirani okvir za prikupljanje, organizaciju i procenu postojeÄeg znanja o
mehanistiÄkim putevima u toksikologiji. AOP opisuje bioloÅ”ki verovatan lanac dogaÄaja
povezujuÄi inicijalni molekularni dogaÄaj, preko tzv. kljuÄnih dogaÄaja na razliÄitim nivoima
bioloÅ”ke organizacije, sa Å”tetnim efektom. AOP nije specifiÄan i kao takav, treba da posluži za
predviÄanje Å”tetnih efekata razliÄitih stresora, kao npr. hemikalija, nanomaterijala, lekova i
drugih, sa nepoznatim Ŕtetnim efektom, ali za koje su poznati ili se mogu ispitati mehanizmi
toksiÄnosti. Opisani su AOP u cilju predviÄanja lekovima indukovanih oÅ”teÄenja jetre
(steatoza, fibroza, holestaza), kao i u cilju razvoja in silico i in vitro metoda za skrining i
pretkliniÄko ispitivanje ovih efekata, koji su jedan od Äestih razloga povlaÄenja lekova sa
tržiŔta. AOP je predložen i kao koristan okvir za razvoj metoda i integraciju in vitro podataka
u personalizovanu terapiju karcinoma. KonaÄno, AOP koncept igra važnu ulogu u
toksikologiji 21. veka, koja podržava prediktivnu toksikologiju sa altentativnim metodama i
smanjenjem potrebe za eksperimentalnim životinjama.VIII Kongres farmaceuta Srbije sa meÄunarodnim uÄeÅ”Äem, 12-15.10.2022. Beogra
UzroÄnici akutnih trovanja sa smrtnim ishodom u Republici Srbiji u periodu od 2010. do 2018. godine
The aim of this investigation was to present data analysis on acute poisonings with
fatal outcome in the Republic of Serbia in from 2010 to 2018, based on the published Annual
reports of the National Poison Control Center of the Military Medical Academy (1). In the
observed 9-year period, the most common cause of acute poisoning was alcohol (50%),
followed by drugs (30.1%), while in the third and fourth place were psychoactive substances
(7.1%) and gases 4%. Corrosive and pesticide poisoning was present in only 2% of the total
number of examined patients per year. The most common reason for the hospitalization was
due to drug poisoning (71%), corrosives (9%), pesticides (5%), psychoactive substances
(4%), gases (4%) and other pathogens (7%). From 2010 to 2018, number of deaths due to
acute poisoning ranged from 26 to 43 annually with an average value of 33. Of 290 deceased
patients, 101 (34.9%) were of drug poisoning, 108 (38.5%) corrosives, 28 (9.8%) pesticides,
4 (1.4%) gases, 14 (4.6%) psychoactive substances and 37 (12.4%) other substances,
predominantly alcohols and mushrooms. Combination of two or more drugs most often led
to death (n=51), while among corrosives, hydrochloric acid was the most common (n=40). Of
the pesticides, the most common were organophosphorus insecticides (n=14), while heroin
was the most common psychoactive substance (n=7). The analyzed data indicated the
importance of preventive measures that need to be carried out in our country to reduce the
number of acute poisonings, especially the most severe forms that lead to death.Cilj ovog rada bio je da se prikaže analiza podataka o akutnim trovanjima sa smrtnim
ishodom u Republici Srbiji u periodu od 2010. do 2018. godine na osnovu publikovanih
GodiŔnjaka Nacionalanog centra za kontrolu trovanja Vojnomedicinske akademije (1). U
posmatranom devetogodiÅ”njem periodu najÄeÅ”Äi uzroÄnik akutnih trovanja je alkohol (50%),
zatim lekovi (30,1%), dok su na treÄem i Äetvrtom mestu psihoaktivne supstance (7,1%) i
gasovi 4%. Samo oko 2% od ukupnog broja pregledanih pacijenata godiÅ”nje su sluÄajevi
trovanja korozivima i pesticidima. NajÄeÅ”Äi razlog hospitalizacije je usled trovanja lekovima
(71%), zatim korozivima (9%), pesticidima (5%), psihoaktivnim supstancama (4%),
gasovima (4%) i drugim uzroÄnicima (7%). Od 2010. do 2018. godine broj letalnih ishoda
usled akutnog trovanja se kretao od 26 do 43 sluÄaja godiÅ”nje sa proseÄnom vrednoÅ”Äu od 33
sluÄaja po godini. Od 290 preminula pacijenta, 101 (34,9%) sluÄaj je bilo trovanje lekovima,
108 (38,5%) korozivima, 28 (9,8%) pesticidima, 4 (1,3%) gasovima, 14 (4,6%)
psihoaktivnim supstancama i 37 (12,4%) ostalim supstancama, dominantno alkoholima i
gljivama. Kombinacija dva i viÅ”e lekova je najÄeÅ”Äe dovela do smrtnog ishoda (n=51), dok je
meÄu korozivima, najzastupljenija bila hlorovodoniÄna kiselina (n=40). Od pesticida kao
uzroÄnika akutnih trovanja sa smrtnim ishodom najzastupljeniji su organofosforni
insekticidi (n=14), a prema broju smrtnih ishoda od psihoaktivnih supstanci najviŔe je
zastupljen heroin (n=7). Analizirani podaci ukazuju na znaÄaj preventivnih aktivnosti koje je
u naŔoj zemlji potrebno sprovesti kako bi se smanjio broj akutnih trovanja, a time i onih
najtežih oblika koji dovode do smrtnog ishoda.VIII Kongres farmaceuta Srbije sa meÄunarodnim uÄeÅ”Äem, 12-15.10.2022. Beogra
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