Algoritmo transgenético aplicado ao problema do caixeiro comprador capacitado simétrico

O presente trabalho apresenta um Algoritmo Transgenético para a solução do Problema do Caixeiro Comprador Capacitado Simétrico. O algoritmo é baseado em endossimbiose e outras transformações do fluxo intracelular. O algoritmo é descrito e experimentos computacionais são relatados no sentido de validar a eficiência da abordagem. São também apresentadas novas melhores soluções para 17 instâncias de um conhecido banco de instâncias para o problema.<br>This paper presents a Transgenetic Algorithm to solve the Symmetric Capacitated Traveling Purchaser Problem. The biological inspiration of the proposed algorithm comes from the endosymbiotic theory of evolution. The algorithm is described and the results of computational experiments are reported. The performance of the algorithm is compared with other recent work presented in the literature. New best solutions for 17 instances of a known benchmark are reported

"When the banks withdraw, slum landlords take over": The structuration of neighbourhood decline through Redlinging, Drug Dealing, Speculation and Immigrant Exploitation

Rather than viewing neighbourhood decline as a natural process resulting from the in-flow of low-income households, this study uses a socio-spatial approach that looks at the structuration of neighbourhood decline by emphasising the power of agents/actors, linking the structure of the real estate industry to the development of the neighbourhood. Landlords and banks are not merely automata of the price mechanism that steer the natural operation of the market, but should be seen as intentionally and unintentionally restructuring the local real estate market and thus possibly producing, or contributing to, processes of neighbourhood decline. This paper presents the Tarwewijk (Rotterdam, the Netherlands) as a case study of neighbourhood decline. Attention is paid to the social and physical decline of the neighbourhood, drug dealing, undocumented immigrants and processes impacting the housing market such as speculation, blockbusting, milking and redlining. It is argued that the retreat of ‘formal’ actors, such as banks and bona fide landlords, stimulates the rise of the underworld in both the housing and drugs markets.status: publishe