“Forgotten,” “Hidden”: Predicaments of the Urban Refugee

Urban refugees are widely viewed as anomalous—people who stand outside a refugee regime which, in Africa, Asia, and Latin America, is based upon rural encampment. This article considers why states and humanitarian agencies view urban refugees in this way. It examines the history of the refugee as an urban person and the recent change in perspective which has enforced a rural norm. It considers the extreme pressures placed upon displaced people in the city and the consequences for communities which contest their marginal status.Les réfugiés urbains sont généralement considérés comme une anomalie – des gens qui ne tombent pas sous le domaine d’application d'un régime de réfugié qui, en Afrique, en Asie et en Amérique latine, est fondé sur des camps ruraux. Cet article traite des raisons pour lesquelles les états et les organismes humanitaires conçoivent les réfugiés urbains de cette façon. Il examine l'histoire du réfugié comme citadin, ainsi que le changement de perspective intervenu récemment qui a imposé une norme rurale. Il tient compte des pressions extrêmes exercées sur les personnes déplacées dans les villes et les conséquences pour les communautés qui contestent leur marginalité

Displacements of Memory

The experiences of refugees—their “voices” and memories—have routinely been excluded from the historical record. With rare exceptions, refugees are absent from mainstream history: although specific episodes of forced migration may be carefully recorded and even celebrated in national histories, most refugee movements are ignored and their participants silenced. This article examines the practice of exclusion and its implications for historical research and for the study of forced migration. It considers experiences of refugees from the early modern era until the twenty-first century, mobilizing examples from Europe, the Americas, and South Asia, and offering comparative observations. It examines relationships between forced migrants and institutions of the nation-state, and the meanings of exclusion within ideologies of national belonging. It considers remedial measures and their implications for current efforts to ensure refugee voices are heard and understood.Les expériences des réfugiés—leurs « voix » et leurs souvenirs— ont été exclues de façon systématique des chroniques et témoignages historiques. Sauf quelques rares exceptions, les réfugiés sont absents de l’histoire conventionnelle. Bien que des instances spécifiques de migrations forcées soient soigneusement documentées et même commémorées dans le cadre des histoires nationales, la majorité des mouvements de réfugiés sont ignorés et leurs participants sont réduits au silence. Cet article examine la pratique de l’exclusion et ses implications pour la recherche historique, ainsi que pour l’étude de la migration forcée. Il considère les expériences des réfugiés depuis les débuts de l’ère moderne jusqu’au XXIe siècle, en rassemblant des cas provenant de l’Europe, des Amériques et de l’Asie du Sud, et offrant des observations comparatives. Il se penche sur les liens entre les migrants forcés et les institutions de l’état-nation, ainsi que sur la signification de l’exclusion dans le contexte des idéologies d’appartenance nationale. Il étudie des mesures de réparation et leurs implications pour les initiatives actuelles visant à garantir que les voix des réfugiés sont entendues et comprises

Refugees and history: why we must address the past

This article examines a pressing problem for those concerned with research on forced migration – the absence of refugees from most historical work, and the low profi le of history in Refugee Studies. Using examples from Europe and South Asia, it considers why refugees have been “silenced” by history and how we can develop positive, inclusive approaches to the past

Failure after 1441: Bush and Chirac in the UN Security Council

The unanimous passage of Security Council Resolution 1441 marked the onset of the most severe crisis of legitimacy that the United Nations has faced in the post-Cold War period. While some have asserted that the diplomatic clashes between erstwhile allies France and the United States were inevitable given the rise of American unipolarity, an analysis of events leading to the failed US attempt to gain a second resolution reveals that the outcome was among the least preferred for both participants. Using the Verbs In Context system, we conduct a computer-based content analysis of the public statements of the United States and French leaders. Our findings suggest that the diplomatic breakdown was exacerbated by each leaders’ elevated sense of control over the situation and their inaccurate perception of their opponent’s preferences

Women's experiences of disordered eating across the weight spectrum in different contexts: A scoping exercise

Initial thesis submission prior to viva examinatio

The International Plant Sentinel Network: an update on phase 2

Invasive plant pests and pathogens pose a considerable threat to plant health worldwide. With increasing globalisation of trade in plants and plant material, and the effects of climate change, this threat is predicted to continue to rise. In recent years, there has been a sharp increase in the number of these harmful invasive organisms which cause large-scale environmental and economic damage. A significant issue in managing this threat is predicting which organisms will pose a threat in the future. Sentinel plants are individuals found outside their native ranges that can be surveyed for damage by organisms they would not otherwise encounter. Monitoring plant sentinels can build knowledge and understanding of pest/host relationships to support the development of management plans and risk assessments. Botanic gardens and arboreta, whose collections are estimated to include 30–40 per cent of all known plant species, many of which are exotic, are unique and under-utilised resources that can support sentinel research. The International Plant Sentinel Network (IPSN) consists of botanic gardens and arboreta, National Plant Protection Organisations (NPPOs) and plant health scientists who collaborate to provide an early-warning system for new and emerging plant pests and pathogens. Members provide scientific evidence to NPPOs to inform plant health activities and thus help safeguard susceptible plant species. In the UK, the IPSN conducts research activities prioritised by a Research and Development committee and preliminary findings of recent research activities are outlined in this paper. The IPSN also focuses on increasing knowledge and awareness, seeking best practice, developing standardisedapproaches and providing training materials and methodologies for monitoring and surveying to enable gardens to contribute to sentinel research. Through multi-disciplinary collaboration and information sharing the IPSN aims to reduce the risk that alien invasive pests and pathogens pose to global plant health

National Code of Ethics for Case Management

This excellent resource collectively supports case management practitioners to demonstrate professionally acceptable behaviour and forge a leadership role in managing ethical issues in the practice of case management. As the leading source of reference for National agencies in the development and review of policy and procedures specific to the case management role this publication is an essential resource for all Certified Case Managers, practitioners and agencies who recognise the inherent rights of Clients to professional and effective case management services. Whether you are a Certified Case Manager, experienced practitioner, new to the profession, studying case management or responsible for the supervision and management of case managers and/or portfolios, this publication will afford you with the fundamentals to embed professional responsibility, accountability and an ethically uniform approach to case management, both at the practitioner and agency level of practice

Ryegrass toxicity organism found on other grasses

Yellow slime disease caused by Corynebacterium sp. has recently been found in three grass species. The diseased grasses were found in the field growing with each other and with affected toxic annual ryegrass

Development of Th1 Imprints to rBCG Expressing a Foreign Protein: Implications for Vaccination against HIV-1 and Diverse Influenza Strains

We demonstrate here that immunizing naïve mice with low numbers of recombinant Bacille Calmette-Guérin (rBCG) expressing β-galactosidase (β-gal) generates predominant Th1 responses to both BCG and β-gal whereas infection with high numbers generates a mixed Th1/Th2 response to both BCG and β-gal. Furthermore, the Th1 response to both BCG and β-gal is stable when mice, pre-exposed to low numbers of rBCG, are challenged four months later with high numbers of rBCG. Thus the Th1/Th2 phenotypes of the immune responses to β-gal and to BCG are “coherently” regulated. Such rBCG vectors, encoding antigens of pathogens preferentially susceptible to cell-mediated attack, may be useful in vaccinating against such pathogens. We discuss vaccination strategies employing rBCG vectors that are designed to provide protection against diverse influenza strains or numerous variants of HIV-1 and consider what further experiments are essential to explore the possibility of realizing such strategies

Development of Th1 Imprints to rBCG Expressing a Foreign Protein: Implications for Vaccination against HIV-1 and Diverse Influenza Strains

We demonstrate here that immunizing naïve mice with low numbers of recombinant Bacille Calmette-Guérin (rBCG) expressing β-galactosidase (β-gal) generates predominant Th1 responses to both BCG and β-gal whereas infection with high numbers generates a mixed Th1/Th2 response to both BCG and β-gal. Furthermore, the Th1 response to both BCG and β-gal is stable when mice, pre-exposed to low numbers of rBCG, are challenged four months later with high numbers of rBCG. Thus the Th1/Th2 phenotypes of the immune responses to β-gal and to BCG are "coherently" regulated. Such rBCG vectors, encoding antigens of pathogens preferentially susceptible to cell-mediated attack, may be useful in vaccinating against such pathogens. We discuss vaccination strategies employing rBCG vectors that are designed to provide protection against diverse influenza strains or numerous variants of HIV-1 and consider what further experiments are essential to explore the possibility of realizing such strategies